57 pages • 1 hour read
Jessica KnollA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Ruth arrives at her mother’s house for the memorial. Her brother, Rebecca, and her ex-husband are all attending. When Ruth sees her ex-husband, she decides to leave, because her mother promised that he wouldn’t be attending. Ruth knows that her mother is trying to make it look as though Ruth is still happily married. Ruth realizes that Tina is right: Her family is toxic and will never accept her. Ruth’s father died in a car accident after having a heart attack while driving; this occurred after an argument in which Ruth asserted that she “was a homosexual, and they both knew I was because my father was one too” (322). Ruth leaves the memorial and heads to the lake to meet Tina.
Pamela learns that the judge wants to question her before she testifies because of concerns that Tina is unduly influencing Pamela and thus Pamela shouldn’t be allowed to testify. Ruth’s mother, Shirley, claims that Tina manipulated her daughter and is making false claims about Tina’s disappearance. People keep reassuring Pamela that even if The Defendant isn’t found guilty of killing Denise and Roberta, he’ll be convicted and executed for the murder of Kimberley Leach (because evidence in this case is much stronger). However, Pamela is determined to secure justice for her friends.
At the hotel, Pamela, Tina and Shirley argue; Tina is adamant that Ruth was abducted and killed. Tina blames Shirley for the lack of thorough investigation into Ruth’s disappearance: “If the mother of a missing girl is telling the detective assigned to her daughter’s disappearance that, actually, nothing suspicious is going on here, they believe you” (326). Pamela sides with Tina, and Shirley leaves in a huff.
Pamela meets with Carl a second time, and he tells her about what happened when he traveled from Colorado to Seattle in 1978. He began questioning people and learned of a theory that The Defendant confessed to multiple murders while being questioned by Seattle police after his first escape. (The escape took place in Colorado, but he’d speak only with Seattle police.) The Defendant wanted to be extradited to Washington (which, unlike Colorado, didn’t have the death penalty).
Carl explains that after The Defendant’s arrest, he agreed to speak with Carl. Then, Carl becomes distracted by hallucinations and delusions.
Pamela meets with the judge who is presiding over the Florida trial. He asks her about how she met Tina and what Tina has told her. Pamela tries to persuade him that she was consistent in her claims that she saw The Defendant and not Roger, long before she met Tina, and that she’s “not someone who is easily influenced” (335). The judge agrees to question more people and then determine whether he’s willing to allow Pamela to testify.
Pamela waits in Florida, extending her trip and hoping that she’ll be allowed to testify. She’s supposed to be in New York for a mandatory internship, and her supervisor there is growing frustrated by her absence.
Pamela testifies in the trial. She’s shocked when, while she’s being questioned, Veronica Ramira asks her about the time that Roger kissed her. In December 1977, before the attack, Roger got very drunk and kissed Pamela. She shoved him away, and told Denise immediately. Denise responded by breaking up with him, though they subsequently got back together. Pamela has never told anyone about this; she never thought it would be revealed because “only two people in the world knew about the kiss, and one of us was dead” (344). Veronica uses this incident to imply that Pamela secretly had feelings for Roger and said that the man she saw wasn’t him in order to protect him.
Pamela processes the information she learned from Carl. Years earlier, in 1996, Pamela had requested access to the recordings of the confession The Defendant issued to Seattle detectives. She was told that no such tape existed and was given access to other recordings instead. Listening to these recordings led her to believe that The Defendant grew up in an abusive home and was conceived because of an incestuous relationship between his mother and grandfather; as a result, she made a career change into mediation because “kids who are raised in hostile environments are seven times more likely to become violent perpetrators as adults, and I’ve been given the unique opportunity to disrupt that pattern” (349).
However, Pamela now knows about the second confession recording, stemming from Carl’s conversation with The Defendant; this tape was used in the investigation into Ruth’s disappearance. Pamela learns that after the case was closed, Rebecca Wachowsky (Ruth’s sister-in-law and former lover) obtained the tapes. Pamela and Tina go to Seattle and meet with Rebecca; Pamela tells Rebecca that on the grounds of Tina’s having been Ruth’s legal domestic partner, she’s entitled to have access to the tapes. Pamela offers to return the original to Rebecca after making a copy, and she and Tina leave with the tapes.
Ruth arrives at the crowded beach. A man approaches her with his arm in a sling and asks her to accompany him to his parents’ house to help him load his sailboat onto his car. He claims that he’s a law student; Ruth finds him awkward and somewhat unlikable but also feels sorry for him. She gets in his car, and he drives her to a beautiful house. Ruth grows increasingly uncomfortable; when she enters the house, she realizes that no one else is there and the man has a gun.
The man rapes Ruth, ties her to a chair, and then drives off, leaving her alone in the house. Ruth thinks she’ll survive: “I thought again that what had happened wasn’t so bad, in the grand scheme of things” (362). However, after a short time, the man returns with another young girl.
The text cuts to a scene in 2021. Tina and Pamela are listening to the confession tape at Tina’s home. The Defendant describes how he killed both Ruth and the other girl. In addition, the novel includes an excerpt from The Defendant’s closing remarks at his 1979 trial, denying that he committed any crimes.
Pamela recalls a day when she overheard a group of college students at a coffee shop watching a recording of The Defendant’s sentencing. Even though the Judge was sentencing him to death, he spoke kindly and empathetically to The Defendant. The students are interested in the case because many true crime documentaries and film adaptations have featured The Defendant and his crimes. Pamela is typically disgusted by how these stories valorize or center on The Defendant, but she observes that by now “it’s a climate that assigns more value to my side of the story” (369).
In the confession tape, The Defendant identified an isolated stretch of trail in Issaquah where he buried Ruth’s body in 1974. Years earlier, Gail (the forensic anthropologist who chatted with Ruth in Aspen, and who investigated the death of Caryn Campbell) reached out to Tina after learning of Ruth’s disappearance. She offered to help if Tina ever found leads. Tina and Pamela alert Gail to the possible burial location, and Gail has a team investigate and identify some locations where the soil shows potential changes. Tina and Pamela plant ferns there, planning to monitor them. If Ruth is buried there, the chemical dynamic of the soil will result in the ferns growing red. Tina and Pamela are hopeful they’ll finally identify Ruth’s resting place and feel a sense of closure.
The novel’s closing chapters include a heartbreaking account of Ruth’s final hours, including her decision to get in the car with a strange man. As Pamela and Tina intuited, Ruth didn’t find The Defendant enticing; she found him awkward and somewhat unlikable but felt sorry for him. In the context of Ruth’s journey to be more assertive, her inability to say no is particularly tragic. She’s close to becoming free but is still subject to conditioning to be agreeable and compliant; in fact, Ruth is especially susceptible at the moment when The Defendant approaches her because she feels slightly guilty about having stood up for herself. As Ruth reflects, “I’d seen him and I’d gone with him anyway, because he’d asked for my help, and I’d already denied it to my mother that day. I’d have been a real bitch to tell someone no for the second time in twenty-four hours” (361). This quotation reveals the misogynistic context that enabled The Defendant to commit his crime; the fear of being “a real bitch” reflects how women often encounter negative reactions when they assert themselves or prioritize their own needs.
Dramatic irony suffuses Ruth’s experiences at the lake and after The Defendant abducts her because she doesn’t realize how much danger she’s in and initially thinks The Defendant will let her go. Depicting Ruth’s abduction, assault, and death in the first person is the ultimate act of centering victims and centers reckoning with the pain and suffering that the victims of these attacks experienced. Nevertheless, the novel softens this reckoning by depicting Ruth, while dying, reliving a beautiful memory of a happy moment with Tina; even as The Defendant cuts her life short, he can’t take away the happiness and love that she experienced. This moment also shows why it was so important for Ruth to have the time that she did with Tina: Without those short months, she could easily have died filled with regret or without happy memories to look back on.
The novel contrasts the reality that Ruth died knowing what true love and true freedom look like against Pamela’s meeting with Rebecca, Tina’s sister-in-law and former lover. Rebecca embodies a rigid, unhappy woman who has never been able to come to terms with her own identity. While Pamela and Tina channel their grief over Ruth and Denise to productive ends, both during the investigations and in their careers, Rebecca represses her grief and lets it fester. She hides evidence that could have been meaningfully used to help close Ruth’s case; her concealing of this evidence symbolizes how Rebecca also conceals her feelings and desires. For both Pamela and Ruth, Tina plays a pivotal role in helping them find freedom and authenticity. Pamela reflects, “I have lived the last forty-three years with purpose, not in spite of what happened in the early-morning hours of January 15, 1978, but because of it” (352). However, she needed Tina’s help to make meaning out of what happened to her.
Through her reflections and memories, Pamela continues to highlight the social context in which the crimes occurred and from which different stories emerge. Pamela never absolves The Defendant of responsibility for his actions but does acknowledge, “I know better than anyone that All-American Sex Killers are not born, that they come from broken and battered homes, human systems that fail them well before they reach the penal ones” (348). Pamela’s ability to see context and complicity is also what leaves her so furious with how the judicial system functioned in The Defendant’s trial and how subsequent narratives have captured his story. In a metafictional moment, Pamela overhears a group of young women watching a video recording of the verdict at The Defendant’s trial; the text incorporates the actual language of the judge’s verdict when Ted Bundy was found guilty and sentenced to death in 1979. Shockingly, the judge says to The Defendant, “You are a bright young man […] I’d have loved to have you practice in front of me” (367).
This statement represents the central claim that the novel rejects throughout: that The Defendant (Bundy) was an intelligent and charismatic man representing wasted potential. As Pamela notes, “The Defendant flaunted his true nature with audacious displays of ineptitude” (368). The portrayal of The Defendant as a bright young man is inaccurate and disregards the individuals who truly did have potential to be exceptional: the women he killed. The novel’s title alludes to the language of the judge’s verdict and to the purpose of elevating the stories and experiences of women whose lives are impacted by violence.
Pamela’s encounter with the young women in the coffee shop alludes to the 2019 film Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, which stars Zac Efron as Ted Bundy. Pamela critiques this film for continuing to perpetuate an admiring portrait of Bundy, and she tries to situate her experience (and by extension, the novel) as being the one story to finally offer a different point of view. She also alludes hopefully to a different cultural climate, in which “the women on Twitter and Instagram who are so unitedly over this shit they got handcuffs on the Oscar-winning movie producer” (369), referencing Harvey Weinstein’s conviction for rape and sexual assault. Nevertheless, at the time Bright Young Women was published, true crime was a highly popular genre, and mediums such as podcasts and streaming services have reinforced this interest; many researchers conclude that most individuals who consume true crime are women. The novel challenges preoccupation with and glamorization of crime, especially violent crime toward women, but also arguably relies on existing interest in Bundy and his terrible actions.
Books on Justice & Injustice
View Collection
Books on U.S. History
View Collection
Books that Feature the Theme of...
View Collection
Contemporary Books on Social Justice
View Collection
Family
View Collection
Friendship
View Collection
Good & Evil
View Collection
Hispanic & Latinx American Literature
View Collection
Historical Fiction
View Collection
Horror, Thrillers, & Suspense
View Collection
Journalism Reads
View Collection
LGBTQ Literature
View Collection
Loyalty & Betrayal
View Collection
Mystery & Crime
View Collection
Politics & Government
View Collection
Psychology
View Collection
Safety & Danger
View Collection
Sexual Harassment & Violence
View Collection
The Best of "Best Book" Lists
View Collection
True Crime & Legal
View Collection
Truth & Lies
View Collection
YA Horror, Thrillers, & Suspense
View Collection
YA Mystery & Crime
View Collection