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James BaldwinA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
As a white, male police officer, Jesse represents the multifaceted mechanisms for violent oppression of black Americans. Since childhood, as Jesse reflects, the myth of white supremacy has gone relatively undisturbed. However, in recent years, Jesse and other white people sense a "black suspicion" (236) that they are fighting an unspoken "war" (238) against black Americans. White people around Jesse have become "much quieter than they were" (236) about their racism and have changed "the tone of their jokes" (236) about black people. This “suspicion” and change in attitude have come in response to open demonstrations by black Americans against their discrimination and oppression—actions referred to collectively as the Civil Rights Movement.
The fictional character Big Jim C. is a play on both Jim Clark, the racist sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama in the 1960s; and Jim Crow, the name of segregation laws in the United States. In his attempt to make an example of the demonstrators' "ringleader" (232), Big Jim C. becomes a metaphor for the structural racism, or segregation laws, and its perpetrator: the police force. Jesse clings to both structural racism and its mechanisms in the hopes of preserving his white masculinity, and the faltering of both gives him severe anxiety. To mitigate this anxiety, Jesse turns to violence as a means to secure his masculinity and whiteness.
For Jesse, black people have no humanity; rather, their bodies serve as fodder for his racist, white supremacist fantasies, which confirm his precarious position of power. As an example, when using the cattle prod on Mrs. Blossom's grandson, Jesse says the grandson is not a man but "a goddamn bull" (233). After the beating, Jesse taunts the young man about "pump[ing] some white blood" (235) into black women and feels "himself violently stiffen" (235) with an erection. Jesse derives his entire sense of white masculinity from the sexual exploitation and torture of black people. In bed with his white wife, Grace, Jesse cannot perform sexually. Only when Jesse arouses himself with memories of the emasculation of a black man, or by role-playing as a black man, can Jesse have sex with his wife. Even as a young boy, Jesse wishes he "had been that man" (247) with the "long, bright knife" (247) who castrates the black man. This moment makes Jesse feel as though his father has "revealed to him a great secret which would be the key to his life forever" (248).
Sexual repression of black Americans has long served as a form of control by white America. By portraying black men as sexual predators, particularly of white women, white men secure their place as patriarchal protectors of white femininity. Jesse reveals his paranoia about the breakdown of this system by protectively grabbing his own "privates" (233) when Mrs. Blossom's gravely-injured grandson calls him "white man" (233). Portraying black women as sexual objects for the taking, as Jesse does, relegates black women's sole purpose to white male pleasure and reproduction. In both cases, white men solidify their sense of control over dehumanized black Americans. Baldwin shows extreme instances of both black male and female sexual repression in this short story, as well as the complexity of how this mentality develops in a particular white man.
By James Baldwin