62 pages • 2 hours read
Kiese LaymonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
In eighth grade, Laymon’s Catholic school goes bankrupt, and he and handful of other Black students transfer to a wealthy, predominantly white Catholic school on scholarship. They immediately feel the pressure of white language and white expectations.
Laymon remembers sitting with his brilliant, inventive, exuberant friend LaThon, sharing a grapefruit and playing with English-class vocabulary words. Between the two of them, they construct a private language in which “meager” is the go-to insult. LaThon uses his favorite word to ringingly describe what the white people around them can’t understand: “This that black abundance. Y’all don’t even know” (66). Then the two get in trouble for having a knife—the blunt butter knife LaThon is using to portion out a grapefruit. At home, their mothers beat them for getting in trouble. Here Laymon notes the spectrum of language to describe beatings: a “whupping” is child’s play, getting “beat the fuck up” is very bad news.
Laymon registers a lot of the racism he encounters at school in terms of language. He remembers a teacher distinguishing between the “bad real racism” of white slaveowners in Roots and the “quirky racism” of Eudora Welty. That same teacher gives an unwitting demonstration of this “quirky” racism when she gets the Black students together to ask them to tell their friend, Jabari, that he has “gross” body odor and needs to shower more. “There wasn’t a ‘gross’ or anything approximating a ‘gross’ in our vocabulary, or our stories. Bodies at Holy Family were heavier than the bodies at St. Richard. And none of those heavy bodies were gross” (75). Jabari’s body odor had changed after his mother died, not because he stopped showering but inexplicably; everyone knew about it at their old school; no one gave him trouble about it. The white culture in which the students find themselves is virulently judgmental about bodies—especially Black bodies.
By now, Laymon weighs 231 pounds, and feels serious shame about it. LaThon reassures him that he, like Jabari, is not “gross.” Their “black abundance,” invisible to the white people around them, carries them through the anger they feel at having to be, to paraphrase one of their parents, twice as good as the white kids to get half as much.
Laymon and his mother move to Maryland for a year so that his mother can do a postdoctoral fellowship—a long-time dream. He remembers being pulled over by a Maryland cop who mistrusts his mother’s academic ID; his mother has already taught him the hands-on-the-wheel, stay-calm cop procedure, but has to keep him calm while she pushes back on the cop’s false claims about his reasons for pulling her over. Afterwards, Laymon’s mother warns him of the white world’s hatred of Black excellence. Laymon reflects: “It seemed like just driving, or walking into a house, or doing your job, or cutting grapefruit was all it took to get shot out of the sky. And the biggest problem was police weren’t the only people doing the shooting. They were just the only people allowed to walk around and threaten us with guns and prison if they didn’t like our style of flying. I loved our style of flying” (83).
Over Christmas break, Laymon and his mother go back to Mississippi, where Laymon and LaThon watch a brilliant 10th-grade basketball player nail shot after shot and realize their own ambitions will have to take them elsewhere: they can’t play like that. Laymon gets interested in teaching and writing, and he and his mother look back over the many essays she’s made him write over the years. He finds that writing demands both revision and practice: he’ll have to sit down and stay still even when he doesn’t want to in order to find truth through writing.
Laymon’s mother is happier in Maryland, and so is he. A doctor tells him he has a heart murmur, but he doesn’t mind; he loves the word “murmur.” He concludes: “I was coming back to Mississippi with a murmur, a smaller body, and a new relationship to writing, revision, memory, and you” (88).
When Laymon and his mother move back to Mississippi, things devolve quickly. His mother begins beating him again, and money is tight: when Laymon has to choose between lunch money and haircut money, he chooses wrong, and his mother gives him a fade so terrible he has to shave himself bald—a look she warns him will make white people see him as more of a threat.
Laymon is sixteen now and going out with a white girl named Abby. Though he doesn’t know her well, he feels intense love for her. His family and friends, meanwhile, warn him that she’s probably only in it to provoke her parents. A smart, funny Black girl named Kamala, who also has her eye on Laymon, tells him: “Abby Claremont got that big ol’ jungle fever and you the big ol’ jungle [...] I’m the big ol’ jungle too [...] Big ol’ jungles need to be with big ol’ jungles” (93). Laymon finds this very funny, and then not funny at all. He and his friends joke about chasing sexual thrills, but he only truly wants sex with people he loves; sex without love feels wrong in his body. He also worries that his mother and his Black female friends will see a rejection of their beauty—a beauty he feels deeply—in his relationship with a white girl.
Laymon’s relationship with Abby gets even more complicated when the LA police viciously beat Rodney King. This attack, and the rioting that follows, capture global attention, and make the gap between Laymon’s and Abby’s experiences of the world impossible to ignore.
Not long after, at a party, Kamala gets drunk and makes a long confession to Laymon, telling him a secret that he promises to keep—and does, though context suggests that Kamala has been a victim of sexual violence. Laymon thanks her for telling him, but later hints to other boys that he and Kamala had been having sex. “The night Kamala Lackey told me her secrets,” he writes, “I promised I’d never sexually violate or sexually abuse any woman or girl on earth. The existence of that promise was enough to excuse myself for lying to Abby Claremont and any other girl who wanted to have sex with me. I was a liar [...] and according to you and the white girl I lied to every day, I was a good dude” (103).
Laymon begins the story of his senior year in high school with a visit to his mother’s mentor, the poet Margaret Walker. He remembers her house—like his, stuffed with books and art—and the awkward, memorable lecture she gives him about claiming his own voice: “Our communication, she said, is the mightiest gift passed down by our people. Every word you write and read, every picture you draw, every step you take should be in the service of our people” (105). She gives him Nikki Giovanni’s Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day to read.
The next day, Rodney King’s assailants are acquitted, and the news erupts with stories of rioting in LA. Outraged, heartbroken, and deeply sick of white people’s unrestrained cruelty, Laymon steals armfuls of bread from a parked grocery truck and binges until he throws up.
The next day, he gets in trouble with his English teacher when he refuses to continue a discussion of The Once and Future King, and instead reads excerpts of Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day aloud in class. His teacher retaliates with a condescending analysis of Laymon’s final paper on Moby-Dick that begins with comments on Laymon’s weight. Laymon’s mother finds him crying over the teacher’s comments; also infuriated, she helps him to revise the paper into something he’s proud of.
Laymon confronts his teacher again the next day, asking for an explanation. Through his mother, he’s realized that this man, “just like most of the grown black men I knew, wanted to set people’s brains on fire before situating himself as the only one who could calm the blaze” (111). The teacher doesn’t respond well and tells Laymon that his problem is that he doesn’t have a dad at home. Laymon fights him and has to be pulled off him by teachers and friends.
In spite of getting in trouble and struggling with his GPA, Laymon wins some awards and earns a basketball scholarship to Millsaps College. His friend LaThon is going to the University of Alabama to study engineering. As the two part, LaThon thinks back on Laymon’s courage: “You the only person I know who will do and say anything anywhere anytime. Swear to God, you the only person I know who ain’t scared of nothing we supposed to be scared of. But I’m like how this nigga got all that gumption, and somehow, he ain’t ever even been arrested?” (115)
In this section of the book, Laymon begins to put words to his early experiences. Putting words to experiences becomes one of this section’s major themes. The title of Part 2, “Black Abundance,” was coined by Laymon’s friend LaThon, and it demonstrates the power and meaning that the now-teenaged Laymon begins to find through writing, reading, and speaking. LaThon’s concept of Black Abundance—the richness, fullness, and beauty of Black life, invisible to white people—emerges from his playful response to a dry school vocabulary list, and stands in contrast with another vocab word the friends make their own: “meager,” a word that becomes their multi-purpose putdown.
Abundance and meagerness are poles that the teenaged Laymon experiences in many forms. As he attends a predominantly white high school during the era of the Rodney King riots, he finds what you might call an overabundance of meagerness in the casually racist ways white teachers and students approach him and his Black friends. One teacher’s use of the word “gross” to describe a Black student’s body odor is a particularly significant moment: “gross,” Laymon writes, is a concept that just didn’t exist in his community. Here, white-coded language enforces a judgmental white ethos of acceptable and unacceptable bodies.
The power of language is also evident when Laymon’s friend Kamala makes Laymon her confidant, telling him a secret that we can infer has to do with sexual violence. Laymon keeps and respects this secret but uses his own power to not speak to abuse Kamala’s trust in a different way, lying by omission to hint to his male friends that he slept with her. Laymon castigates himself for his youthful self-satisfaction. As he begins to understand the linkages between different forms of oppression, he’ll come to understand that to be a “good guy” who still trades on male power is not being a good guy.
The themes of speaking and not speaking—abundance and meagerness of voice, and the relationship of speech to power—shape Laymon’s development as a writer. His idea of revision as the difficult but necessary means of “finding the truth” underlines the powerful connection he makes between language, memory, and freedom: “Revised word patterns were revised thought patterns. Revised thought patterns shaped memory [...] I just had to rearrange, add, subtract, sit and sift until I found a way to free the memory” (86). Finding freedom through full and honest expression will be his continuing work.
By Kiese Laymon