65 pages • 2 hours read
John Dudley BallA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
Sam chats with Pete about the case. They praise Virgil’s detective skills, acknowledging his intellect despite their prejudices: “‘Smartest black I ever saw,’ Pete concluded; then he added a remarkable tribute. ‘He oughta been a white man’” (70). Meanwhile, Virgil meets with Reverend Whiteburn, an elderly Black minister. Virgil doesn’t think the suspect he’s looking for is Black, which relieves the reverend. Virgil knows that Enrico was killed with a piece of wood, and he hopes the Reverend can help. Whiteburn obliges and makes plans to have the neighborhood kids gather firewood for the church. Hopefully, the kids will find the murder weapon.
Frank asks Bill to come by his office to speak with him and the other councilman. Bill goes, determined to be polite and cordial and not risk his job. The councilmen ask Bill about the case and repeatedly call Virgil the n-word. They’re upset a Black man is questioning White people. Soon, the community might start lashing out. Bill returns to the police station, more determined than ever to find the murderer.
Sam gets ready for another night shift. Virgil asks to go with him to retrace Sam’s exact route the night of the murder. Sam complements Virgil’s intellect, and Virgil complements Sam’s driving skills. Sam lives in a racist society, but he finds himself warming to Virgil: “Despite his training, he was beginning to like Tibbs as a person” (77). Still, when Virgil calls Sam by his first name, it irks him. The night rolls on, and they share insights about the murder. They agree that Enrico wasn’t killed on the road. Virgil listens to Sam and praises his instinct and intuition. He calls Sam by his first name again, but now Sam doesn’t care; he’s too proud of his growing police skills. Sam continues retracing his route, but intentionally avoids Delores’s house. Like nearly every night, Sam stops at the diner for food. He orders extra food for Virgil, but Ralph refuses to make food for a Black man. Sam, sternly, orders Ralph to obey. Ralph gives in to Sam, but berates him for aligning himself with a Black man. Sam returns to the car, gives Virgil the food, and feels proud for standing up for Virgil. They resume driving, and Virgil plainly states that he knows Sam changed his route to avoid something.
At his home, Bill studies police textbooks for the first time. He sees that he hasn’t been thorough in his investigation and admits that Virgil is a more adept detective. Thankfully, Bill can use Virgil as a resource to make himself look good. Bill goes to the station and finds Eric waiting for him. Eric wants a permit to carry a gun. He’s doing administrative work for the festival, and he doesn’t feel safe with a murderer on the loose. Bill tells Eric what forms to fill out, then sorts through mail in his office. Among his letters, Bill discovers an anonymous letter threatening that if Bill doesn’t do anything about Virgil, they’ll run Bill out of town. The letter infuriates Bill: “No southern white trash was going to tell a Texan what to do. And whether they liked it or not, he was chief of police and they weren’t going to take that away from him” (87). Bill is angry with Virgil for complicating his life, but he also doesn’t like being bossed around. Virgil will stay because Bill wants him to.
Bill asks for Virgil’s report on Enrico’s body, which Virgil happily provides. Reading the report, Bill is irritated at how smart Virgil is. Their conversation shifts to Sam. Virgil recounts how Sam deliberately changed his route during their patrol. Bill defends Sam, but also recognizes Sam had ample opportunity to kill Enrico. Frank calls. He wants an update on the case and repeats that Virgil needs to leave town. Bill becomes frustrated with the constant interruptions. Before hanging up, Bill asserts that Virgil will stay in Wells to help with the case. After the phone call, Bill goes to the bank and investigates Sam’s financial history. Sam’s had a checking account for several years at the same bank, but he recently paid off his mortgage with cash. Learning this, Bill becomes transfixed by the idea that Sam is the killer.
Sam enters the police station and sees Eric registering a gun. Eric apologizes for being defensive when Sam pulled him over, and he thanks Sam for caring about the community’s safety. Eric hopes to marry Duena someday, and Sam wishes him luck, although secretly he pines for Duena himself. Virgil returns to the station. He finds Bill in his office and presents him with the murder weapon—a bloodied piece of wood. Bill reveals he arrested Sam. Virgil defends Sam, convinced Bill has the wrong man.
That night, Bill struggles to fall asleep, tormented by the details of the case. He admires Sam as a person, but not as a cop. Bill sleeps poorly, and he wakes up regretting that he doesn’t have the necessary skills to perform his work: “He felt no better in the morning and went to his office wishing, for the first time, he had not accepted the appointment for a job he was not properly qualified to fill” (98). Bill feels the tension growing in the station.
As Bill broods, Delores and her father arrive to speak with the police chief. Mr. Purdy is rude and crass. They claim Delores was raped and is pregnant. Bill lets Virgil come into the office, knowing it will upset Mr. Purdy. Virgil sits down beside Bill, sending Mr. Purdy into an uproar, and he refuses to speak until Virgil leaves. Bill argues with Mr. Purdy, but Virgil leaves of his own accord, motioning for Bill to turn on his intercom so he can listen in the other room. Bill turns on his desk intercom and questions Delores and Mr. Purdy. Delores claims Sam is the culprit. He was very nice to her, but he still took advantage of her innocence. Bill looks for Virgil, but he’s gone—he left quickly to pursue another lead.
Virgil visits the Endicotts to ask more questions. He clarifies where everyone was throughout the night of the murder and tells them Sam has been arrested. Virgil believes Sam is innocent, and he passionately declares he’ll clear Sam’s name and catch the real killer. After that, Virgil can return to his home, “where I have the right to walk down the sidewalk” (105). Virgil thanks the Endicotts for their cooperation. Duena wants to go to the police station to visit Sam, and Virgil agrees to take her. She finds Sam in his cell, anxious about his fate. Sam denies killing Duena’s father, so Duena tests him by asking Sam to hold her. Sam, hesitant, obeys. Embracing Duena, overcome with emotion, Sam repeats he didn’t kill her father, and Duena believes him. She kisses Sam, then leaves. Sam’s thoughts linger on Duena, then shift back to panic. He’s being held for murder, and now, Delores has also accused him of rape.
Through Sam and Bill’s characters, Ball shows that when people confront their racist conditioning, it can be a joyful experience or a disorienting one, developing a nuanced message about overcoming racism. In earlier chapters, Sam didn’t trust or respect Virgil, but Chapter 8 shows a new side of Sam. He complements Virgil’s intellect during his conversation with Pete, and when he goes on patrol with Virgil that night, he complements Virgil again, face to face. Now that Sam has spent time with Virgil, and seen Virgil work, he sees a good person and a formidable detective. Earlier, Sam casually spoke about Black boxers through a racist lens, but now, when he makes a snarky comment about Virgil’s whereabouts, he feels guilt: “‘Maybe [Virgil] got lonesome and went down to find some nice black girl to shack up with him.’ As soon as he had uttered the words, Sam was ashamed of himself. He wished he hadn’t said them” (70). Sam has never questioned his racist views before, but as he comes to know Virgil more intimately, he sees how flawed his thinking is. His changing mindset highlights how meeting and working with different people is a powerful way to learn how to empathize with them. Sam’s new respect for Virgil affects how he responds when Ralph refuses to make anything for Virgil. Even in a hostile situation, Sam defends Virgil and doesn’t regret it: “Ralph’s displeasure didn’t faze Sam a bit; it even helped to mollify his conscience. As he passed the food to Virgil Tibbs he felt proud of himself” (83). Sam’s improved relationship with Virgil makes him feel better about himself and gives him a powerful ally. By questioning his racist conditioning, Sam improves himself and develops a meaningful friendship with a man who can fight for his innocence.
Chapters 8-10 depict significant changes in Bill’s behavior too. Even more distrustful and disrespectful toward Virgil, Bill started the novel by questioning Virgil’s credentials and calling him the n-word. However, in Chapter 9, despite pressure from councilmen and a threatening letter, Bill commits to having Virgil stay in town. Bill puts his own career at risk by keeping Virgil around, showing he’s now willing to risk his professional future for a Black man. Bill accepts that Virgil is a highly trained and intelligent detective, but he still doesn’t see Virgil as an equal. When Bill reads Virgil’s report about Enrico, he resents Virgil’s competence: “As he read from paragraph to paragraph, he began to hate the document. He hated it because it was the work of an inferior and at the same time better than he himself could have done or had done” (90-91). Bill’s realization that Virgil is smarter than him isn’t a positive experience, but a painful one. Bill sees himself as superior to Black people, and when that belief is proven wrong, he is uncomfortable.
While Sam and Bill grow more accepting of Virgil, powerful white residents lash out at his presence. In Chapter 8, the councilmen are all openly racist and want Virgil gone. They don’t care that Virgil is an exemplary detective, and they refuse to capitulate to pressure to be more inclusive from the press: “‘No news magazine in New York run by a bunch of n***** lovers is going to tell us what to do in our town. We live here and we run this place’” (75). The council’s hatred toward Black people adds another layer of tension to the story, giving the police department an unwanted problem on top of solving the murder. The overt racism of the councilmen also highlights that changing an entire city is a formidable task.
As the case grows in complexity, Ball uses dramatic closing lines to end chapters on cliffhangers. For example, Chapter 8 ends with Virgil asking Sam why he changed his route, casting suspicion on Sam’s motives and making the reader want to know more. This increases the sense of mystery and creates a propulsive and exciting tone. Similarly, Chapter 9 ends with Virgil failing to convince Bill to release Sam, and Chapter 10 ends with Sam tormented in his cell.