49 pages • 1 hour read
Mildred D. TaylorA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Ten-year-old Cassie Logan lives with her family on a 400-acre farm in rural Mississippi in 1934. The adults in the household are her parents, David and Mary, and David’s mother, Big Ma. Cassie has three brothers. The eldest is 13-year-old Stacey and two younger brothers called Christopher-John and Little Man. The Logans are a Black family that experiences racial prejudice typical of the South during this era. Despite the restrictions placed on their existence, the Logans are financially better off than their neighbors, who are sharecroppers or day laborers.
One evening in November, Cassie’s father and her siblings visit their neighbors, where the conversation immediately turns to the impending trial of T. J. Avery, a Black teen caught breaking into a local hardware store. His two white companions, the Simms brothers, crack the safe and accidentally kill the shop owner, leaving TJ to take the blame.
As the grown-ups speculate whether TJ will get a trial rather than simply being lynched, the children go outside to shoot marbles. Cassie wants to win a large blue-green marble from another boy, but her father intervenes. David breaks up the game and insists that everyone return their winnings. Afterward, on the ride back home, he forbids his children to play marbles. David says that wagering for marbles excites human greed and will inevitably lead to gambling.
After Sunday school, Cassie is still determined to win the huge marble, so she orchestrates another game before the church service starts. She thinks, “That emerald-blue had a nasty hold on me, and if I could just get my hands on it, I promised myself and God that I’d never shoot marbles again” (19). Cassie’s plan works, and she wins the precious marble. Her luck runs out when David witnesses the end of the game and confiscates the marble: “Papa didn’t mention anything about a whipping, but then again, he didn’t need to. What Papa promised, Papa gave. And one other thing was certain too: Our marble playing days were now over” (23).
One day at school, the students get the news that TJ is going to stand trial for murder. The trial date has been set for December 10, and Stacey wants to attend because he feels guilty for not talking TJ out of the burglary. That evening as she walks home, Cassie recalls the night of the murder. A group of angry white men wanted to lynch TJ on the spot until they noticed a field on fire. Though it was on the Logan property, they feared that it might spread to the adjacent white Granger plantation. Instead of lynching TJ, they helped contain the blaze. No one knew that Cassie’s father had started the fire to distract the lynching party. He lost a quarter of his crops but saved a boy’s life.
That evening, the Logans receive a visit from white attorney Wade Jamison. He is on good terms with the family, but his defense of TJ has angered the white community. Jamison has had his office burned, his dog poisoned, and he and his wife have received death threats. He has come to discuss some of the testimony that will be given at trial. Jamison says that the judge won’t be sympathetic, but he can appeal the case if TJ is found guilty. He also discourages any of the family from attending the proceedings because it might provoke a hostile reaction.
In the days that follow, everyone in the neighborhood is tense. Cassie says, “I was worried about Stacey too. I knew that he was upset not only because of what was happening to TJ but because Mama and Papa were not allowing him to go to the trial” (42-43). On the way to school on the morning of the trial, Cassie overhears her brother and his friends planning to catch a ride to the courthouse in Strawberry, which is 22 miles away. She tries to talk her brother out of going but to no avail. Then, Cassie makes a plan of her own to stow away in the truck bed with her two younger brothers.
By the time Cassie and her brothers are discovered, it’s too late to send them back. When all the children arrive at the courthouse, they meet Jeremy Simms, the younger brother of TJ’s partners in crime. Unlike his older siblings, Jeremy is on friendly terms with the Logans. He tells them the trial hasn’t begun yet because it took all morning to select the jury. While they wait, Christopher-John and Little Man go into the courthouse to use the bathroom, and Cassie drinks from the water fountain in the corridor. Jeremy immediately grabs all three and hustles them outside, saying that Black people aren’t allowed to use the facilities or the water fountain. Stacey explains to his siblings that they might have been killed if anybody saw them. Shortly afterward, the children learn that the trial is about to begin.
Because the section reserved for Black spectators in the courtroom is very small and completely filled, the children climb a tree outside the courtroom window where they can hear the proceedings. The murdered man’s widow insists that three Black men entered the store, robbed it, and killed her husband. Under cross-examination, Jamison succeeds in disputing her testimony. The electric lighting in the store wasn’t working, and the widow was nearsighted and without her glasses. Jamison produces black stockings, which the two attackers wore, and the widow mistook for their skin color. Further, TJ is too short to be one of the attackers, whom she identified as being five feet 10 inches tall. The Simms brothers are exactly the right height. Even though they deny being near the store, a respectable eyewitness places their car in the vicinity shortly before the crime.
During his testimony, TJ admitted to entering the store because the Simms boys promised him a pearl-handled gun and said they would pay for it on Monday when the store opened. He slipped through an open window and let them in, but they committed the burglary and the murder. TJ only went along because he was following orders. In his summation, Jamison remarks, “We demand they follow us docilely, and if they should dare to disobey, we punish them for their disobedience [...]. TJ murdered no one. His guilt lies more in his gullibility” (81). Afterward, it only takes the jury half an hour to bring in a unanimous guilty verdict.
The initial three chapters introduce the Logan family. Because this book is the fifth installment in the Logan Family Saga, a fair amount of space is devoted to backstory describing the characters and the world they inhabit. David and Mary Logan are depicted as strict but loving parents to their four children. They attend church regularly and want to instill moral values in their offspring. David is a man who doesn’t spare the rod and discourages the harmless children’s game of marbles. His caution about greed, envy, and gambling has some legitimacy that is intended to serve his daughter Cassie in future life. Because the story is told from Cassie’s viewpoint, readers become aware of the innocence of a 10-year-old just beginning to understand the world she inhabits. Her greed to acquire a prized marble is curbed by her father’s intention to instill integrity in his children.
Outside of her personal obsession with marbles, Cassie also becomes aware of the larger issues affecting her Black community and the wider world. Given the novel’s timeframe of the 1930s, the entire country is struggling through the Great Depression, but the impoverished sharecroppers of the South are being hit doubly hard by this national misfortune. In contrast, the Logans’ ownership of a substantial farm protects them from the uncertainty of life as sharecroppers.
As a Black family living in the South in the early 20th century, the Logans are no strangers to racial discrimination. The close-knit Black community of Spokane County, Mississippi, lives in a world apart from white people. Yet, these two worlds are about to collide as this entire segment foregrounds the arrest and upcoming trial of T. J. Avery. The Black community already knows that two white boys were responsible for burglary and murder, but TJ was their accomplice.
Cassie and Stacey are eager to attend the trial of their friend, but doing so will insert them into the white legal system and foreground the theme of Maintaining Separate Worlds. This set of chapters emphasizes the distinction between the rules of the white world and how Black individuals are treated if they cross the line that keeps racial distinctions in place. White lawyer Wade Jamison has already paid a high price for crossing the line and defending TJ at his trial. Jamison and his wife have received death threats. His office has been burned, and his dog has been poisoned. Even though the Logans appreciate his help, they are wary of becoming friendly with Jamison. This cordial though distant relationship once again underscores the theme of Maintaining Separate Worlds when Cassie says:
There was a mutual respect and, because the years had proven it justified, a mutual trust; but there was no socialization other than the amenities. Neither he nor we would have felt comfortable in such a situation, laws of the society frowned upon such fraternization (37).
A similarly awkward rapport exists with Jeremy Simms. He is the younger brother of the two culprits who are allowing TJ to take the blame for their crimes. Jeremy has formed a friendship with the Logan children but fails to recognize that this makes them uncomfortable. Cassie notes, “More than once he had proven that friendship and we all knew it. But he was still white, and that was what separated us and we all knew that too” (54).
For his part, Jeremy is aware of the rules of white society and prevents Cassie and her two little brothers from being attacked when they use the restrooms in the courthouse and drink from the water fountain. Jeremy hustles them outside before anyone notices, and Stacey says: “That water in there and them toilets, they belong to the white folks, and the white folks don’t want no colored folks using neither one. Somebody’d caught y’all, we’d be in a real mess of trouble. Papa say folks done got killed for less” (59).
Stacey’s comment indicates the lengths to which those in power will go to maintain two worlds separated by race. This principle will soon be illustrated in the harshest manner possible when TJ is found guilty of the crimes committed by the Simms brothers.
By Mildred D. Taylor
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