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51 pages 1 hour read

Howard Pyle

Men of Iron

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1891

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Background

Historical Context: Knighthood and Chivalry in Medieval Europe

Men of Iron is set at the turn of the 14th Century in Medieval England, toward the end of the Middle Ages (approximately 500 AD-1500 AD). During this period, a single monarch ruled England, with nobles constituting the supportive roles of the ruling class under the King. These nobles varied in social status, material wealth, political influence, and their level of favor from the monarch. At the time, the King did not maintain an army sufficient enough to engage in large-scale warfare, whether it be foreign or domestic. One of the primary duties of a noble was to contribute to the defense of the King’s interests. The monarch relied on armies fed, supplied, and trained by nobles when in need of military aid. Noble houses, particularly castles and estates belonging to those of significant rank and power, were as much barracks and training facilities for soldiers as they were family homes and local institutions.

The most valued and respected members of the fighting class were knights, expert horsemen-warriors granted elevated rank based on their conduct, morality, and achievements. Knights were noble-born and customarily began as pages, advancing to the rank of squire before becoming eligible for knighthood. Like Myles Falworth and the other squires of Devlen Castle, these young men were sent to noble homes for formal instruction and training. There, young boys learned to use a multitude of weapons ranging from wooden staves to swords, lances, and other instruments of war. However, knighthood was not a guarantee; squires may serve a Lord in their household and the battlefield their entire careers without ever earning the opportunity to be knighted. The majority of knights were given battlefield commissions, impromptu ceremonies held in the midst of warfare acknowledging a squire’s heroism. The Ceremony of the Bath, in which Myles participates, is a more formal, religiously grounded process toward knighting—but once a knight, regardless of how one’s title was conferred, all were considered equal.

Knights followed the Chivalric Code, a doctrine that governed every aspect of their lives—including morality. They were expected to be adamant in their defense of the weak, faithful to God and their fellow knights, respectful of women, and unable to refuse a challenge issued by an equal (and were to meet these challenges fairly). The Chivalric Code is present in Men of Iron, but isn’t universally heeded (and often outright ignored). While adherence to the Chivalric Code was considered a mandate for knights, as proven by history, the Code was often relegated to the role of aspirational ideal rather than a demand without exceptions.

Cultural Context: The Romanticization of Chivalry and Courtly Love

During the Victorian period, spanning Queen Victoria’s reign of England (1837-1901), a resurgence in interest in the world of knights and their Chivalric Code heavily influenced society’s moral values—and permeated the art, literature, and popular culture of the era, both in England and America. The Victorians romanticized the concepts of chivalry and courtly love, no more prevalent than in the tales of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Arthur was a fictional King of England; his story places his rule around the 5th-6th centuries following the departure of the Romans from Britain. Texts like Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poetry about Arthur and his knights emerged during this period, as did paintings by Walter Crane, John William Waterhouse, and illustrations by F. A. Fraser depicting the medieval world of courtly life.

The Victorians largely romanticized chivalry and courtly love, fixating on the gentility and piety of knights and ladies, both fictional and historical. So pervasive was this interest that it began to appear in works for children and adolescents, such as Men of Iron. Men of Iron integrates references to Arthurian legend throughout its narrative, including specific comparisons between Myles Falworth and Sir Galahad, well known as the handsomest and holiest of knights; it is Sir Galahad who finds and obtains the legendary Holy Grail. The Victorian period saw courage, independence, and aggression as vital to middle-class and upper-class white boys and men coming of age. These lessons were imparted by parents and educators alike, and often appeared in literature written with this audience in mind. Men of Iron is an example of a story which performs the duty of both entertaining and educating young readers on what a young man should aspire to, and how he might navigate the difficulties associated with the transition from boy to man. Howard Pyle specifically addresses the concepts of boyhood and manhood with a male audience in mind.

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