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Alistair MacLeodA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Alexander MacDonald, known as simply “Alex,” is the narrator of the book. Although he ostensibly is the protagonist, he functions more as the conduit through which the audience is introduced to clann Chalum Ruaidh. Rather than possessing a character arc of his own, he is the unifying factor that unites the stories of Calum, Alex’s grandparents, and the family as a whole. His life is marked by both tragedy and success: The death of his parents affects him just as much as the love of his grandfather. Throughout the course of the novel, Alex builds an understanding of what it means to be a member of a family, to possess a shared history, and to work hard to keep the family together.
There are two versions of Alex on display in the text, as there are with many other characters. The Alex in the present is a successful orthodontist with a profitable practice and a happy family. However, the novel spends very little time focusing on the successes in Alex’s life. Instead, the reader’s immediate introduction to Alex is through his brother, Calum. As Alex goes to meet his brother, he walks through the dilapidated and worn-down neighborhoods of a modern city. He is out of place, but not unfamiliar with his surroundings. He knows how to move through the world and is clearly experienced at spending time in difficult conditions. As he describes the “doors that the casual person might not notice because they seem so commonplace” (12), he is separating himself from the majority of people; Alex is someone who notices the smaller details and who is not afraid to look poverty and suffering in the eye.
His love for his brother is evident, even if he is indulging his brother’s basest instincts and additions. They share songs and memories together, and from the opening chapter, it is clear that they have a deep, shared past. But there is an awkwardness about their relationship, a sense of obligation that forces Alex out of the apartment and propels him along his journey through his memories. The small white lies—Calum lying about tripping in the apartment, for example—and the deliberate ignorance of bad habits—Alex continuing to buy his brother alcohol—suggest that there is something holding the two back from being truly honest with one another. As is evident in the rest of the novel, this stilting relationship represents the difficulty of the changing times: Alex is a modern, successful man, while Calum is locked in the past. This is why Alex works so well as a conduit for the story. He possesses the memories and the experiences of the past, if not all the sensibilities of those who inhabit it. When time catches up with Alex and his era arrives, the relationship he has with his brother is emblematic of the tension between the modern world and the times gone by.
Alex’s fixation with memories suggests a character who is unsure of himself. He feels guilt, but he is unsure why. When arguing with his cousin, also named Alexander MacDonald, he may as well be arguing with himself. At the time, they are bickering over the nature of their relationship with their grandparents. The cousin accuses Alex of being “lucky […] just because [Alex’s parents] died” (60), and this suggestion strikes Alex. Although the cousin insists that they are “[his] grandparents too” (60), Alex disagrees. After the death of his parents, the grandparents fill that emotional void. The young Alex lacks the vocabulary with which to express this sentiment, yet he understands that there is a difference in the relationship in comparison to his cousin. He cannot grasp the idea of “luck” robbing him of his parents but then gifting him a loving relationship with his grandparents.
Like so many other memories, this image stays with Alex for his whole life, and he reflects on it often. This tangle of emotions comes to define him; often, Alex does things and does not know why, such as going with his brothers back to the mine. It is only after years of reflection and obsessing over memories that he can begin to comprehend his motivations. This slow unfurling of understanding becomes Alex’s character arc throughout the novel. The steady reveal of his memories is not just illuminating of his character, it becomes his character’s defining feature.
Calum MacDonald is Alex’s older brother. They are very different in many ways, yet similar in ways they do not quite understand. Calum is considerably older than Alex, which is why he is permitted to live in the old house following the death of their parents. Calum becomes the leader of Alex’s three older brothers; from a young age, he is given the responsibility of leading them through an incredibly difficult time. It is not necessarily a burden he wants (or one he asks for), but he feels compelled to bear it, nonetheless.
Part of this is due to his place within the fabric of the family. Calum shares his name with his famous ancestor, Calum Ruadh, who brought the family across from Scotland many years before. The man is a towering figure in the family’s private lore, and his grave is tended to with special attention. Calum and Alex discuss the grave on a number of occasions, remarking on the way the cliff on which it is situated will slowly erode and send the grave crashing into the sea. This anecdote can be read as a metaphor for Calum’s character: He is the embodiment of Calum Ruadh’s legacy, sharing his name and his dedication to the family. The inevitable passage of time and the crushing arrival of modernity will slowly doom the legacy of Calum Ruadh (signified by his grave), and it will doom Calum himself.
Calum’s fate is tragic in nature, stemming from a character flaw that he does not even consider a flaw. Calum is a combative, competitive man, perhaps due to the unique circumstances of his youth. From a young age, he was forced to fight for his brothers. Not necessarily in a physical manner, but in his determination to help them through cold, difficult winters and harsh circumstances. This commitment to family is what makes him the leader of clann Chalum Ruaidh. For those who work in the mine, Calum is the one trusted with negotiating their pay and ensuring that they get the best possible deal. It’s a role he fulfills well, right up until the moment he brawls with Fern Picard.
Throughout the novel, Calum’s distrust of outsiders and favoring of his own group has served him well. Clann Chalum Ruaidh are famed for their skill as miners and valued for their work. When they take in their American cousin, Alexander MacDonald, it seems only natural that he should become a part of their inner-most family. Calum trusts him based on his blood, his genetics, and the vouchsafe he has received from other family members. This is contrasted with Fern Picard, whom he does not trust, but does so based on the man’s own blood and genetics. When he fights and kills Fern Picard, it is based on a misunderstanding. Calum feels he is protecting the family and doing what he has always done. But he is fighting under false pretenses; his cousin is a thief and a coward, who slips into the forest rather than face the fight. Calum’s life is ruined by a family member he tried to protect, a man he should not have trusted. Calum’s greatest strength—his commitment to his family—becomes his undoing.
By the end of the book, the reader understands how the strong, strapping young man of the past could descend into enfeebled alcoholism. Calum is slowly dying, the guilt from his past eating away at his conscious and robbing him of his present. Like Alex, he dwells in the past constantly, furious about the choices he made. But while Alex has learned how to become successful and how to use the past to inform his present, Calum is trapped. There is no place for him in the modern world, so he decides he must end his life.
In the last chapter, when Calum phones Alex, the phrase “it’s time” (225) is enough to convey the full emotional weight of his decision. Calum has decided to go home, to the one place where his existence really made sense. Alex accepts this, despite the difficult conditions, and they battle together through the storm to return to Cape Breton. This final act is Calum reclaiming his agency: It is his decision to return home and his decision to kill himself, a decision he has come to after reflecting on past memories. The memories and regrets will dictate the course of his life no more, and he will be able to escape his guilt. But to do so, he must return home. Calum, an embodiment of the past, must resign himself to a memory. He understands that he does not function in the present and, in doing so, becomes another memory to linger in Alex’s mind in the future. Calum’s death is the final disappearance of the vaunted past from the narrative of the novel, showing the crushing mundanity of the present and what it demands.
Although Alex has three grandparents, he has a special relationship with his maternal grandfather, whom he simply calls “grandfather.” Alex’s grandfather is a relentlessly practical man, whose young wife died in childbirth and left him to raise a daughter all alone. When that daughter married, Alex’s grandfather adopted the other side of the family also, taking care of Grandpa and Grandma in many different ways. His informed view of history, his huge range of skills, and his quiet insight can be seen in Alex’s character.
When Alex introduces his maternal grandfather into the narrative, he does so through a juxtaposition with his parental Grandpa. The two men are both part of clann Chalum Ruaidh, but Alex notes the key differences between them and decides that his grandfather “seems now more intriguing” (33). The old man was an illegitimate child, whose father and mother were never married. This fractured relationship causes an insecurity in Alex’s grandfather that lingers through to Alex’s present day and becomes one of his defining characteristics. The man’s self-assurance and quietness stem from his determination to not draw too much attention to himself, via either his behavior or his inconsiderate actions. Everything he does seems calculated to improve the situation of his loved ones, giving them the life that he could never quite achieve.
The loneliness of Alex’s grandfather is remarked upon frequently, often by Alex’s Grandma. She describes him as “a fine, good, lonely man who has lived a life without a father and without a wife and these last years without his only daughter” (80) and wishes that he could spend more time with his grandchildren. But Alex’s Grandpa disagrees with her, insisting that the man spends enough time with his grandchildren and remarks that “he is serious” (80), a quality not befitting children. This serious nature fascinates Alex, who spends a great deal of time with his grandfather from an early age. But the more he thinks about his grandfather, the more he can look beyond the wood carving and the comments about history and see both the love and the quiet tragedy that the man bore as his burden. Alex’s grandfather is universally agreed to be a “good man,” though he is not everyone’s favorite person.
The favors he does for people—in particular, Alex’s Grandpa—often show his more caring side. Expecting nothing in return, the man does deeds such as preparing his daughter’s father-in-law for a job in a hospital and filing the same man’s tax returns. The two men could not be more different—one is quiet, one is loud; one drinks heavily, the other not at all—but Alex’s grandfather does these things unheeded. He expects no reward, nor any compliments, but he does them anyway. Whether this is a dedication to family or a commitment to trying to make the world a slightly better place, Alex never really understands. This is, in part, why he finds his grandfather to be the more interesting of the two men. As a result, the grandfather is one of the novel’s most complex characters, while not achieving very much at all.
One of the ways in which Alex’s grandfather stands apart from the rest of clann Chalum Ruaidh is his appreciation for history. History—particularly family history—plays a huge role in the family and hardly an interaction goes by without an allusion to historical events, many dating back hundreds of years. But these little fragments of history are repeated verbatim and taken as fact, regardless of their true verisimilitude. In contrast, Alex’s grandfather actively interrogates the family’s history. He searches for different perspectives and versions of the events that many other family members readily accept.
While for many family members, an appreciation of history extends to repeating the mantra “my hope is constant in thee, Clan Donald,” Alex’s grandfather will challenge the party line. After completing Grandpa’s taxes, for example, he recounts a story about the MacDonald family, challenging the view that they were solely brave warriors. He does this while “smiling almost half apologetically as if he might be spoiling Grandpa’s picture” (78), showing that he acknowledges how much the rest of the family appreciate their history, even if it is not entirely true or complete. He recognizes the value of family history and is careful not to shatter the illusion too thoroughly. Even when he does offer his different perspective, however, Grandpa simply ignores it in favor of his own version of events. This creates a distance between Alex’s grandfather and the other characters; he knows the truth, and he knows that few people will ever truly accept it.
The final example of this is his death. Alex’s grandfather dies alone, halfway through a history book on a subject he has spent his whole life researching. The distance between his friends and family is such that he is not surrounded by people and is studying a subject he knows is so enshrined in family history, nothing in a book could ever change it. But he leaves an impact on his grandchildren, at least those who function best in the modern age. Catherine remarks often about history books she has read, while Alex maintains his grandfather’s quiet dedication to the clann Chalum Ruaidh. In both these children, the man’s influence can be seen. To that extent, it can be possible to read Alex’s grandfather as a reverse of Calum. Just as Calum was out of place in the modern era, Alex’s grandfather was always slightly out of place in the past. That both men were seemingly born in the wrong time is part of the inherent tragedy of the novel.