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69 pages 2 hours read

Avi

Nothing But The Truth

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1991

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Chapters 13-15Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 13 Summary: “Saturday, March 31”

Jennifer Stewart, a reporter for the local newspaper, calls Superintendent Seymour the next morning to ask if there is a district rule against students singing the national anthem. Seymour denies that such a rule exists and gives Stewart permission to quote him. Stewart next calls Principal Doane to confirm that Philip has been suspended. Dr. Doane eventually tells her that student information and discipline are private matters that she cannot discuss with the reporter. When the reporter pushes back by pointing out that she already has the story from Philip, Dr. Doane responds by telling her that she is not sure of the full facts of the situation and that discipline is handled by the assistant principal in any case.

That morning, Philip also gets the memo from Dr. Palleni informing him that he has been moved back to Mr. Lunser’s homeroom class. He is disappointed that he still has Ms. Narwin for English, however, but he tells his mother that the assistant principal probably forgot to add that information to the letter.

The reporter also calls Dr. Palleni to confirm that Philip was suspended for singing the national anthem and that Dr. Palleni (not Dr. Doane) is responsible for this decision. Her questions and assumptions anger Dr. Palleni. He tells her that she has her “‘facts all wrong,’” and that he has no further comment (93). The reporter then calls Ms. Narwin to ask the same questions in a badgering manner that gives Ms. Narwin few opportunities elaborate with context. Ms. Narwin finally tells the reporter that she doesn’t think she should say anything more.

Shortly thereafter, Dr. Doane calls Dr. Palleni about the phone calls from Stewart. Dr. Doane knows nothing of what happened, but the assistant principal tells her that he left a memo with the details in her box. Dr. Palleni assures Dr. Doane that Philip was disruptive in class but has had no prior discipline problems and what happened is no big deal. Although Dr. Doane is still concerned that a reporter called her, she ends the conversation by instructing the assistant principal to refer the reporter to her if the she calls again.

Late that night, Philip rehashes the content of the letter moving him out Ms. Narwin’s homeroom. He is irritated that some of his newspaper customers have not paid him yet and wonders if he can figure out a way to get Ms. Narwin to give him extra work so he can get on the track team.

Chapter 14 Summary: “Sunday, April 1”

Jennifer Stewart runs her story on Philip with the headline “Suspended for Patriotism”(99). She misidentifies Philip as a tenth-grader and claims that Philip was allowed to sing the national anthem in every other class, since there is no rule against it. Ms. Narwin changed this rule, according to Stewart. Stewart closes the story by reminding the readers that voting on the new school budget and board is coming soon.

Superintendent Seymour is upset when he reads the story, so he calls Principal Doane to see if the story is true. Dr. Doane tells Seymour that Philip was suspended for “creating a disturbance,” not singing the anthem, and that Ms. Narwin is a good, experienced teacher (101). Dr. Doane doubts anyone believes the story is a big deal, but Dr. Seymour is worried because the story comes so close to the elections and vote on the school budget. He instructs Dr. Doane to refer all future questions about the matter to him. Ken Barchet has also read the story and urges Philip to read it as well. “‘It ain’t true. But it’s funny’”(102), he says and asks Philip if he want to work out later.

Philip’s parents also see the story. When they excitedly tell Philip about it, his glum reaction surprises them. Later that afternoon, Ms. Narwin calls her sister to tell her about the story. Although Ms. Narwin is upset about the obvious bias, her sister assures her that the situation is not a big deal and that the conflict will blow over. The day ends with Philip’s diary entry. He notes the publication of the story, blames Ms. Narwin for what happened, watches television, and reads more of The Outsiders. He wonders what it would be like without parents to whom he must answer.

Chapter 15 Summary: “Monday, April 2”

The story about Philip supposedly being suspended for singing the national anthem gets picked up by a national news service, which brings it to the attention of Jake Barlow, a national talk show radio host with conservative leanings. That morning, Mrs. Harland, the current head of the school board, calls Superintendent Seymour. Ted Griffen gave a speech about Philip at a social event that she attended, so Mrs. Harland wants more information about the facts of the case. The superintendent promises he will get her more information and is horrified to learn that Griffen is repeating the story.

Later that morning, a guest calls into Barlow’s show to say that he believes Ms. Narwin should not be allowed to teach. Barlow agrees with the caller and adds that “there are the three R’s—reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic—and the three P’s—prayer, patriotism, and parents”(110) that should be taught in school.

Dr. Seymour again calls Principal Doane about the incident with Philip and requests that she write a report. When Dr. Doane explains again that Philip was not suspended for singing the national anthem, Seymour tells her, “‘[I]t doesn’t matter if it’s true or not true. It’s what people are saying that’s important’”(111). Liz, the mother of a school-age child and wife of a war veteran, calls in to tell Jake Barlow that Ms. Narwin should not be allowed to teach and that her decision is unpatriotic and tramples on her rights.

Still later that morning, Robert Duval, a reporter from St. Louis newspaper, calls to ask Dr. Doane for an interview on the story. She is upset when she discovers that the story has been picked up by a news service and that it has several inaccuracies. She agrees to call the reporter back once she has the chance to investigate further. Meanwhile, Roger, another caller, tells Barlow that the story he read in the newspaper seems to be slanted because it leaves out the teacher’s perspective. Barlow talks over the caller and cuts him off; Barlow also encourages his listeners to write Ms. Narwin by postcard or even a brick. (He quickly says the latter suggestion was a joke, however.)

At ten that morning, Ms. Narwin, the principal, and the assistant principal meet to discuss the situation. Ms. Narwin insists that events unfolded just as she said, and Dr. Palleni backs her up and suggests that Philip’s problems originate at home. Dr. Doane concludes that the suspension was merited and decides to follow up with students who witnessed the confrontations between Philip and Ms. Narwin.

Dr. Doane sends a memo recounting this version of events to Dr. Seymour. This report mentions that Philip regularly misbehaved in Ms. Narwin’s class and that the issue was one of respect. Fifteen minutes later, Dr. Doane interviews Ken Barchet, who confirms that Philip was singing but tells the principal he wasn’t paying close attention. Ken calls Philip at home to tell him about the interview with the principal.

Dr. Doane next interviews Cynthia Gambia, another student who was in class with Ms. Narwin and Philip. Cynthia tells Dr. Doane that Philip was actually humming, although she is not completely certain, since she wasn’t paying attention. What she does know is that Philip was rude and that Ms. Narwin is known to be “fair”(125). That afternoon, Ted Griffen gives another speech in which he uses the newspaper version of the story to support the argument that the schools lack patriotism.

Dr. Doane conducts a third interview, this time with Allison Doresett. Allison tells her that Philip dislikes Ms. Narwin and, as a result, was usually inattentive in class and frequently rude to the teacher. She closes the interview by telling Dr. Doane that she likes Ms. Narwin. Dr. Doane summarizes her findings in a report to the superintendent. According to the report, “Philip Malloy’s acts were indicative of some personal animosity he feels toward the homeroom teacher, Ms. Narwin. His rudeness was also on display in the English classes he had with her. His grade there indicates inferior work”(128). Dr. Seymour sends his own report to Mrs. Harland, one that reiterates Dr. Doane’s report and that implies even more strongly that there is some problem in the Malloy home. Meanwhile, Ms. Narwin receives a letter condemning her, and Philip receives a telegram of support.

That evening, the Malloys talk about how pleased they are that Philip is receiving such support. When the Malloys tell Philip that Ted Griffen is spreading the story and how proud they are of him for standing up for his beliefs, Philip replies that he is worried about what the other students will say when he returns. The Malloys tell Phillip the students are likely to side with him. Philip expresses uncertainty when Mr. Malloy assures him that he has the support of many people. Later that night during another speech, Ted Griffen re-tells the story and expresses shock and disappointment that the town is now known nationally for Philip’s suspension for singing the national anthem.

Ms. Narwin’s sister calls her that night to report that a version of the story has appeared in a Florida newspaper. Ms. Narwin claims the story is false. Ms. Narwin then calls Dr. Doane to tell her about the story spreading. Ms. Narwin is even more upset when the principal says that the school is receiving mail and telegrams, many of which are negative. Ms. Narwin is even more upset when the principal suggests that it might be best if Ms. Narwin were to skip work the next day.

In his diary that night, Philip writes about how confused he is about all the positive letters he has received. He is glad to be back in Mr. Lunser’s homeroom and wonders if he can convince Ms. Narwin to give him extra work that will pull up his grade up to the minimum to run track. He is beginning to feel nervous.

Chapters 13-15 Analysis

These chapters reveal how the perception that Philip was suspended for singing “The Start-Spangled Banner” grows into a truth that people across the country accept. Rather than using a narrator or a specific point of view to point out the complicated reality behind what happened, Avi uses the multiple perspectives presented in the documents to reveal how the story snowballs.

Once the story leaves the confines of the school, Philip, Ms. Narwin, and the school administrators lose control over how it is presented to others. The first factual inaccuracies enter when Jennifer Stewart, a local journalist, fails to meet one of the most essential expectations of journalism, which is that a journalist will produce impartial and accurate new. The one-sided nature of Stewart’s reports is partially the result of the refusal of the school administrators and Ms. Narwin to offer additional details, but she also gets factual information wrong, an indicator of how poor a job she does as a journalist. Her errors are replicated and amplified once a national news service that is similar to the Associated Press picks the story up. Robert Duval, a journalist at a bigger newspaper, recognizes the slant to the story, but Ms. Narwin’s caution and her belief that the administration is capable of speaking for her in a fair manner causes her to stonewall him.

The event is further distorted once it becomes fodder for partisan politics. Ted Griffen and Jake Barlow in particular show what can happen when one allows politics to shape what stories get told. Ted Griffen assumes correctly that he can ride the sensational story to a seat on the school board, so he makes the story a centerpiece of his campaign speeches. In the speeches, Ted tells the story in the context of a larger narrative about traditional American culture. His story only has power if it includes villains, so he casts the schools and Ms. Narwin as the bad guys. By taking the story out of its original context (a classroom in which students are expected to abide by rules) and offering a distorted account of the motives of Ms. Narwin and the school, Ted glosses over the nuances of what did happen and—predictably—motivates an outpouring of emotional attacks on Ms. Narwin.

Jake Barlow is motivated by the same calculations as Ted Griffen, but his platform as the host of a national radio show means that his reach is much bigger than Ted Griffen’s. Jake Barlow is less concerned about the truth and more concerned about gaining listeners and supporting a narrative that represents his political values as being under assault. He calls his listeners to action:

If you disagree, tell her that. Let’s see, here’s her name, Margaret Narwin. Margaret Narwin. N–a–r–w–i–n. Harrison, New Hampshire. Let her know what you think. You agree with that guy? Just write her. Postcard. Brick. Hey, just kidding. Something. Okay!(116)

This is notable because it undercuts Roger, a caller who points out that the story is slanted because it leaves out the teacher’s side and because Barlow essentially unleashes a figurative mob on Ms. Narwin in order to support his underlying argument that conservative culture is under attack.

Today, Barlow’s disclosure of Ms. Narwin’s name and how to reach her would be an example of “doxing,” whereby a person with a loyal audience encourages that audience to attack another person by sharing details about how to find that person. The violence lurking just beneath the surface of Barlow’s call to action is made clear by his supposed joke about the brick. The telegrams and letters that Ms. Narwin and Philip receive are evidence that Barlow’s audience has accepted Barlow’s version of this story uncritically; in such a partisan, one-sided atmosphere, the truth of the matter is lost.

The school administrators’ efforts to discover the whole truth of the conflict reveals that even with the intent to find the truth and eye witnesses to the event, the whole truth may never be recoverable. The three students Dr. Doane interviews were all there, but they were either not paying full attention or their perspectives are colored by the fact that they like Ms. Narwin.

The multiple memos the administrators produce show that they are also susceptible to slanting the truth: the changes between the Dr. Doane’s memos and Dr. Seymour’s memo shore up the position of the institution they represent. Dr. Doane’s factual recounting of the morning announcement procedure morphs in Dr. Seymour’s statement that “the national anthem is played over the announcement systems” as “part of our general ongoing program of support for traditional values”(131). Ms. Narwin’s stature as a teacher is enhanced by Dr. Seymour sharing her credentials, and her reprimand of Philip is cast as a defense of the national anthem. Dr. Seymour represents Philip as a deeply troubled, disrespectful teen who was out of line both for his behavior and the way he sang the anthem, a characterization earlier accounts and documents in the novel show to be not quite true.

With multiple versions of these events and such varying reactions, is possible to conclude that the truth in this case is in the eye of the beholder. People accept ideas and events that confirm beliefs they already hold as truth, and they are willing to turn a blind eye to inconsistencies and clear bias if it serves their interests.

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