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52 pages 1 hour read

Michael Morpurgo

Private Peaceful

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2003

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Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Five Past Ten”

The narrator and protagonist, Thomas Peaceful, reflects on his past while in a hay barn near the front lines in Belgium during World War I, determined to stay awake throughout the night. As he awaits his brother’s execution, the nearly 18-year-old soldier examines his memories of their childhood in the English countryside.

On his first day of school, Thomas is anxious and uncomfortable, dreading the day ahead. His older brother, Charlie Peaceful, tries to comfort him, offering him a piggyback ride.

Approaching school, Thomas notices a dead crow hanging from a fence. The unsettling sight evokes two memories within him. He first remembers a day when he stumbled upon a nest of robin eggs at the site of his father’s grave. He contemplated adding the eggs to his collection of blackbird and pigeon eggs. However, Thomas hesitated as he locked eyes with the robin. The bird’s watchful gaze reminded him of his late father, James Peaceful. At that moment, Thomas remembered his father’s funeral. His family had placed some belongings into his father’s grave, but Thomas, who was holding the gloves that his father wore on the day he passed, struggled to do the same. Blaming himself for his father’s death, he froze at the thought of sharing his guilt, which he kept secret from his family.

Prompted by the robin’s vigilant stare on the day he encountered its eggs, Thomas sensed a silent plea from both his father and the bird and left the eggs untouched. He witnessed the robin’s care as the hatchlings grew, but witnessing crows attack the robin’s nest fueled an aversion in Thomas. As he sees the dead crow on his way to school, he cannot help but feel a sense of grim satisfaction at the bird’s fate.

At the schoolyard, Thomas meets Mr. Munnings, a stern teacher who often disciplines the students over his rigid rules. While Charlie joins Mr. Munnings’s class with the older students, known as “Bigguns,” Thomas follows the younger “Tiddlers” alongside the kinder and more compassionate Miss MacAllister. 

After parting ways with his brother, Thomas feels profound loneliness. Miss McAllister notices that Thomas’s bootlaces are untied and enlists Molly, her eldest and most accomplished student, to help him. Thomas is instantly captivated by Molly, eliminating any desire to escape school.

Before he started school, Thomas often accompanied his father to work as a lumberjack. One morning, after they enjoyed a galloping ride through the woods, Thomas ventured off alone as his father chopped wood nearby. Thomas then noticed a towering tree swaying and creaking above him. He realized that the tree was on the brink of collapse and froze, overwhelmed by fear, despite his father’s urgent cries. In a desperate attempt to save Thomas, his father forcefully pushed him aside as the tree fell, leaving Thomas unconscious. Thomas woke up to find his father’s lifeless body trapped beneath the tree, his finger pointing directly at him. A streak of blood stained his father’s nose, and even though his eyes remained open, Thomas was certain that he was dead.

During his father’s funeral, the Colonel, James’s employer and landlord, praised his dedication and work ethic. His flattery sharply contrasted with how James spoke about the Colonel privately, often criticizing his actions and using derogatory terms to describe him. Thomas noticed a swallow flying through the church during the service and believed that it was his father’s spirit. He yearned for a bird’s song, such as the cheerful larks his father loved. A heavy silence marked the journey back home. Thomas clung to a self-imposed blame, believing that he was responsible for his father’s death: “All I can think is that I have caused this” (17).

Chapter 2 Summary: “Twenty to Eleven”

In the hay barn, Thomas struggles with his appetite and rejects the meal before him. His thoughts turn to his brother, Big Joe.

As an infant, Big Joe survived meningitis, and this impacted his cognition. Despite his difficulty with speech and literacy, his unique way of thinking captivates his family. Big Joe is cheerful and kind and is often found laughing and singing his favorite song, “Oranges and Lemons.” His occasional periods of restlessness and introspection do not overshadow his gentle personality.

Mrs. Peaceful promotes empathy for Big Joe within their home and the community. In response to Big Joe being excluded from school over his intellectual disability, she naturally takes on the role of his mentor. She guides him through life’s intricacies, aiding his understanding of the world. Her ever-protective stance toward Big Joe is reflected in the lessons that she teaches Charlie and Thomas.

Thomas recalls a regretful incident where he and Charlie tricked Big Joe into eating rabbit droppings. By making them taste the droppings themselves, Mrs. Peaceful ensured that Charlie and Thomas grasped the gravity of their actions and inspired in them a sense of responsibility toward their brother. Although he was initially ashamed, the memory of this incident now strangely warms Thomas’s heart. 

To Charlie and Thomas, how people interact with Big Joe is a testament to their true nature. While most people are kind to him, a few purposely ignore or belittle him, which greatly troubles the brothers. Thomas contrasts Molly’s behavior with that of his schoolmate, Jimmy Parsons. Jimmy once mocked Big Joe, igniting a fight with Charlie. In contrast, Molly commended Big Joe’s kindness, which cemented her bond with the Peaceful family.

The Colonel shows disregard for Big Joe. One day, when Big Joe caught a trout during a fishing trip with his brothers, he greeted the Colonel, who was walking by the bank. Seeing that the Colonel ignored Big Joe, Charlie began blowing raspberries, and Big Joe followed suit. The brothers faced a stern reprimand from the Colonel, whom Thomas believes held a grudge after the incident.

Thomas recalls the changes that ensued after his father’s death. A visit from the Colonel explains that the cottage they lived in was linked to Thomas’s father’s job. The Colonel offers Mrs. Peaceful the role of lady’s maid to his wife to ensure their stay, but the prospect of leaving her children for long periods worries her. The Colonel suggests that Charlie and Thomas look after themselves and Big Joe be placed in a psychiatric hospital, which Mrs. Peaceful vehemently rejects. Needing to secure their home, however, she accepts the offer of employment and convinces her aunt, known as Grandma Wolf, to move in and assist in caring for her children. 

Grandma Wolf significantly alters the family dynamic, quickly enforcing strict rules. The children secretly name her after the wolf character in Little Red Riding Hood, given their shared sinister demeanor. Under her care, they experience discomfort, resentment, and an underlying sense of unease. They strongly dislike her condescending treatment of Big Joe, whom she infantilizes and belittles. Adding to their discomfort is Grandma Wolf’s affinity for the Colonel. With Mrs. Peaceful seeming more fatigued as the days pass, Grandma Wolf increasingly asserts more authority over the household. 

Charlie and Thomas often imagine scenarios in which they rid themselves of Grandma Wolf’s presence and bring their mother back home. Their tales take on a playful and exaggerated form of fantasy. In whimsical stories, Grandma Wolf marries the Colonel and births peculiar monster children. Later, their stories morph into haunting nightmares during Thomas’s sleep. With every unsettling dream, Thomas revisits the memory of his father’s passing. The sound of a falling tree, coupled with a profound sense of loss, often awakens him in a state of terror.

Chapter 3 Summary: “Nearly Quarter Past Eleven”

Thomas finds amusement as he observes a mouse in the hay barn, and he reminisces more.

On Big Joe’s birthday, Molly gifts him a delicate harvest mouse that swiftly captures his affection. Big Joe is genuinely fond of all creatures, which draws Grandma Wolf’s disapproval. Despite the mouse’s heartfelt significance to him, once Grandma Wolf becomes aware of its presence, she banishes it alongside his other beloved animals.

At night, Charlie and Thomas further embellish their make-believe stories, now imagining Grandma Wolf and the Colonel have giant mice-children. Their tales turn morbid as they entertain the thought of poisoning Grandma Wolf for taking away Big Joe’s animals.

Shortly after, the Colonel’s wife’s unforeseen passing prompts Mrs. Peaceful’s return home. With no stable income, the family struggles financially. Charlie, Molly, and Thomas secretly go poaching on the Colonel’s land and the animals that they catch provide food for the family.

One day, the Colonel offers Grandma Wolf reinstatement as his live-in housekeeper and, as a promise to his late wife, clears the Peacefuls’ eviction fears. Grandma Wolf’s departure provides a newfound sense of stability. Charlie, Big Joe, Molly, and Thomas relish their adventures in the countryside, engaging in heartfelt conversations about their hopes and dreams. Molly longs to preserve this long-awaited joy and hopes that their friendship is ever-lasting.

Molly falls seriously ill with scarlet fever. The siblings visit her cottage, but Molly’s parents ask them not to return. Charlie and Thomas worry about Molly’s well-being and pray each night for her recovery, fervently hoping for a positive outcome.

Chapters 1-3 Analysis

The first chapters of Private Peaceful delve into the intricate emotional landscape of Thomas Peaceful, a young soldier facing the challenges of World War I and grappling with guilt and injustice. Michael Morpurgo employs a first-person point of view and structures the coming-of-age novel using two main timelines: Thomas’s present reality in the war and his childhood in the English countryside.

Through flashbacks, Morpurgo creates a juxtaposition between a war-torn present and an idyllic past. The framing device of Thomas in the barn accentuates the stark contrast between Thomas’s childhood innocence and the harsh realities of the battlefield. His recollections of quotidian moments in the lush and picturesque countryside are snapshots of a carefree past when concerns were limited to the discomfort of school uniforms and playful banter with his older brothers and friends. The setting’s natural beauty, described through the imagery of meadows and riverbanks, evokes a sense of tranquility and harmony. As the narrative shifts between the past and the present, the tone becomes more weighted with the gravity of Thomas’s wartime experiences, stressing the dramatic transformation that he undergoes throughout the novel. 

Thomas’s childhood memories also present the beginning of his journey in Confronting Mortality and Grief, one of the main themes carried throughout the rest of the novel. Morpurgo employs the motif of Birds in Chapter 1 to establish loss as a central force driving Thomas’s transition into adulthood. Encountering a dead crow on his way to school triggers memories of his father’s tragic death, and thus the guilt and remorse that Thomas feels for his father’s passing. As the novel progresses, guilt shapes Thomas’s relationships and his sense of responsibility toward his family.

The early chapters also showcase the fierce protectiveness and The Power of Familial Bonds that define the Peacefuls’ relationships. Morpurgo represents the concepts of unity and protection in the family’s relationships. Regarding Big Joe, Charlie and Thomas emerge as Big Joe’s shield from harm when Jimmy Parsons insults him, while Mrs. Peaceful takes on the role of his mentor and protector, ensuring he is not excluded from the world around him: “He needed help, that’s all, and Mother was his help” (26). Through patient explanations and unwavering support, she ensures that Big Joe does not feel isolated or misunderstood. Mrs. Peaceful’s commitment to nurturing his understanding is evident in her constant engagement with him, singing to him to alleviate his anxieties and offering explanations that bring him comfort. Her resolute rejection of the Colonel’s proposition to place Big Joe in a psychiatric hospital further highlights the importance that she places on family bonds.

The Colonel’s absolute control over the Peaceful family’s future introduces the theme of Challenging Tyrannical Authority. Since he governs the employment and the housing of the family and most of their rural community, Morpurgo introduces the harmful effects of such power in this section as the Peacefuls are at the mercy of his will. While the Colonel’s offer of employment promises financial stability and ensures the family’s stay in the cottage, it results in them being separated for extended periods of time. This does, however, highlight significant character development for Mrs. Peaceful, who changes from a housewife to the breadwinner; her pragmatism and sense of responsibility secure their home and provide a stable environment for her children, even if it means entrusting their care to Grandma Wolf.

Grandma Wolf’s arrival introduces an antagonistic force in the family dynamic. The children have grown accustomed to their mother’s more compassionate and understanding approach, so Grandma Wolf’s actions appear harsh and unwarranted in comparison. This divergence in parenting styles exacerbates the emotional turmoil that the children experience. The children’s resentment is palpable, especially regarding Grandma Wolf’s condescending treatment of Big Joe: “She talked to him, and about him, as if he were stupid or mad” (31). Morpurgo uses a jarring term, “mad,” to describe intellectual disability in order to highlight the extremity of Grandma Wolf’s intolerance. Big Joe may not be affected, but Thomas and Charlie feel the injustice on his behalf. Grandma Wolf and the Colonel are catalysts for conflict and change within the novel, as they serve similar antagonistic roles. Their presence sets the stage for the challenges and dilemmas that the Peaceful family faces as the narrative unfolds.

After Mrs. Peaceful returns home following the Colonel’s wife’s death, the children once again experience the joys of childhood, albeit temporarily. Molly’s illness builds on the theme of Confronting Mortality and Grief and further foreshadows the looming changes in their future.

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