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66 pages 2 hours read

Cynthia Lord

Rules

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2006

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Symbols & Motifs

Water

Water is intentionally utilized in several different forms as a symbol of communication, or specifically, for the ability to communicate. For example, the pond in which Catherine and her best friend, Melissa, happily swim and dive all the way to the bottom is distasteful to Kristi. Though she tries the pond once, Kristi perceives the water as murky, cold, unappealing, and perhaps dangerous since Ryan told her a big, mysterious fish lurked under the floating platform. Kristi cannot wait to get out of the pond and back to Ryan. Just as she cannot deal with the pond water, so she and Catherine cannot bring themselves to communicate at any depth.

Jason and Catherine’s first interaction occurs after Jason spills water on his shirt and must sit with it wet. Accordingly, he initiates conversation with Catherine. David, who has difficulty with mutual communication, cannot stand to be wet and covers his ears whenever it is raining. Catherine is recorded as holding back her tears repeatedly throughout the narrative until the moment Jason accuses her of not going to the dance because she is embarrassed by him. Later that evening, for a second time when she explodes against David, she weeps and holds him apologizing. For Catherine, flowing tears are a signal of honest communication.

Rules includes mentions tears, glasses of water, the fishbowl, rain, and the ocean. The overarching meaning of water as a symbol of communication is that people flock to see the ocean in Maine, but can scarcely immerse themselves in it, since it gets no warmer than 60 degrees Fahrenheit during the midst of summer. Like water, communication is necessary, refreshing, and beautiful, but can be difficult to deal with and overwhelming. Given the use of water as a symbol of communication, it is interesting to reflect on the purpose of David continually dropping toys into the fishbowl and especially on the meaning of the siblings staring at their fish tank reflections in the last scene.

Rules

Catherine’s creation and use of rules are the motifs that tie all other elements of the narrative together. The rules are used in several ways. They are first a foreshadowing and commentary on the chapters of the book. When Catherine titles the second-to-last chapter of the book “A Real Conversation Takes Two People,” she is foretelling that she is about to become honest with herself in the same way Jason is habitually honest.

Rules also imply backstory for Catherine and David’s relationship before the novel begins. It is not difficult to guess what sort of events prompted Catherine to create rules for David like “Flush” or “Chew With Your Mouth Closed.” The rules also provide a comment on the events of the various chapter. In the chapter entitled, “At Someone Else’s House, You Have to Follow Their Rules,” Catherine is immersed in Kristi’s home for the first time. Though she finds Kristi to be a very different person from what she is accustomed to, she does her best to blend into Kristi’s world and mindset seamlessly.

Sounds

The novel also demonstrates that verbal communication does not always require words. Throughout the book, the sounds people make are used to express their mood, sudden emotion, or opinion. David’s screams when he runs out of patience, Jason’s guttural grunts and sharp laughs, and her father’s hiss are examples of this kind of communication.

Sound is also used to create an emotion or shift the focus of a scene. It is one way the narrative channels the attention to plot development and what emotional state to perceive. The snapping of carrots, the different sounds made by Catherine’s guinea pigs, the slamming of a car door, the hammering of a torrential downpour, and the calling of seagulls in the wind all support the various tones and emotions in each scene to depict tensions, settings, and more.

Words

Throughout the book, Catherine returns to the topic of choosing words. Beyond the ability that words grant her characters to communicate, they are also imbued with real emotional power. When Catherine writes and illustrates new words for Jason, each one has a potent meaning. Jason absorbs the power of the new words, which seems to grant him renewed vision and a willingness to live and enjoy life. Because the words Catherine gives him come from her own concerns and her own world, Jason’s use of those words is a form of communion between the two. Catherine understands that she is extending his world with each new set of words she illustrates and gives to him.

The ultimate exchange of these new words comes at the community dance, where Catherine waits for Jason and, as she puts new words in his book, confesses her reasons for initially refusing to attend the dance. As she describes her inner conflict, she systematically slides new words into the book. There is real emotional weight to it when she tells Jason he has been a good friend, then says she has been—and turns a card that say “Weak” (195).

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