104 pages • 3 hours read
Ibtisam BarakatA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
Ibtisam flashes back to 1967. It is June 5, and Ibtisam is three and a half years old when war erupts. While her older brothers Basel and Muhammad play outside and her mother cooks the evening meal and cares for her infant sister Maha, Ibtisam waits for her beloved father to come home. Instead of his usual smile and pocket of treats, her father brings news that war has started. Mother is shocked and terrified. Father calms her but explains that Israeli planes are bombing Palestinian houses. The family sits in the garden irrigation ditch as night falls and forms a plan. People escaping from other villages tell Ibtisam’s family that after the bombings soldiers sweep through villages, killing anyone left alive. They urge the family to flee to the caves, then cross into Jordan. Father declares they must leave. Although shots ring out as Mother returns to the house to get food for their journey, she is unhurt. They gather food, blankets, clothing, and Mother’s wedding dowry of gold bracelets. Mother tells them to put on their shoes, which they only wear for special occasions. Ibtisam gets one shoe on, cannot tie it, and discovers her family has already vanished in the darkness and sea of villagers.
Ibtisam runs after the villagers headed for the caves, losing the one shoe she wears. Gravel hurts her feet, and flares illuminate the night. She hears sounds of bombing and mistakes a stranger for her mother, but she wills herself not to be afraid. She spends the night with a group of villagers. When morning arrives, she finds her father and thankfully reunites with her family.
The family waits on the hot roadside hoping for a ride to Jordan. Ibtisam is exhausted and her feet are cut and bruised. Mother acts distant, and Ibtisam wishes she were more engaged. Father promises to stop whatever vehicle approaches. He enjoins other men to help him make a human roadblock. They stop a water tanker truck. Men climb aboard the outside. Ibtisam clutches the door handle, and her brothers swarm onto the windshield. Father yells at the driver to let his family in, or one of the other men will shoot out the truck tires. The driver angrily complies. Ibtisam, her mother, Maha, and her brothers pile inside the cab with the driver, his wife Hamameh, and their three children. Ibtisam watches Father, who clings to the outside of the truck, directing the driver when to slow down. Though Hamameh starts out cursing Mother, the two become friends.
Vehicles and people on foot crowd the bridge crossing the Jordan River, heading to promised refugee shelters in Jordan. The water truck crosses safely, leaving the West Bank as warplanes continue to fire. The families arrive in the city of Al-Salt: The women and children go to a shelter while Father and the truck driver leave to find how they can help against the invasion. Father promises to visit and contact them often.
The shelter is a three-story home packed with anxious women and children. Sirens sound before and after bombings, causing chaos inside as people run up and down the stairs reporting on the destruction they witness outside. Ibtisam’s feet hurt too much for her to run. She seeks refuge in the basement and discovers a baby donkey she immediately loves and names Souma. Stray dogs investigate the shelter, and people shoot them to warn them away, which makes Ibtisam cry because they are also refugees. The women share memories about the war of 1948.
Ibtisam and her family settle into the shelter. Ibtisam’s foot is painfully swollen, but her mother grumpily tells her to stop crying or she will go blind. Ibtisam closes her eyes and realizes that she can vividly see things from her memory, like the stacked stone people, qantara, her father created. Ibtisam now understands why her mother’s favorite word is “imagine.” Ibtisam can imagine anything, anytime, and make the war less frightening.
Hamameh and Mother develop a sisterly relationship and vow to help each other if their husbands do not return. Six days later, a man brings news that the war has ended, but their losses are terrible. Soon, only Hamameh and Mother and their families are left in the shelter. Um and Abu Muhammad, the homeowners, return and offer to let them stay indefinitely, but Hamameh’s uncle arrives to take them home. Hamameh invites Mother and her family to stay with her: Mother accepts. Ibtisam wants to take Souma until she understands that the donkey would not want to leave its home.
Ibtisam’s family sleeps in the kitchen of Hamameh’s small home. Father and Hamameh’s husband return. The families cannot yet go home to the West Bank. Father has a job driving a truck and delivering soda pop. The truck’s owner, Abu Omar, lets Father stay in a room of his home. Father worries about Ibtisam’s foot, which is now swollen and purple. They take Ibtisam to the hospital, a large building filled with harsh odors. Ibtisam’s injury is serious, and she must remain overnight for treatment. The family promises to stay with her, and Father promises her candy. When she awakens from the anesthesia, her family is not there. Father and her brothers arrive with the pledged candy, but Ibtisam is disappointed not to see Mother and wonders if Ibtisam and her brothers are interchangeable to Mother. Father, in contrast, makes Ibtisam feel loved for herself.
Ibtisam will not leave Father, so he takes her to spend the night at his room in Abu Omar’s house. Abu Omar’s three adult daughters try to coax Ibtisam with candy and toys to stay with them while Father works, but Ibtisam refuses. Father takes her on his delivery rounds until her foot heals, and she does not feel like she needs to always be with him. Ibtisam gets a new pair of boots that she is allowed to wear anytime. Her brothers teach her how to tie the laces.
When a neighborhood boy is nearly struck by a car, Mother wants to move somewhere safer. Father agrees but lacks money for a house, which are in short supply. Mother hopes to get a permit from the International Red Cross to return to Ramallah, but Hamameh wonders about safety, as the cities are occupied by the Israeli military. Ibtisam’s family temporarily moves into a school that is being used as refugee housing. The children accidentally knock down a large classroom chalkboard. Mother shows Ibtisam how to draw Alef, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, which is a vertical stroke topped by a circle. Ibtisam loves Alef and carries the chalk, with Alef inside, everywhere. Mother misses Hamameh.
Father, working a second job, moves the family to a one-room home. Their window faces the town center. Ibtisam watches men smoke and play games at the coffee shop and people buying goods at the crammed grocery. Although Mother makes bread daily, lentils—which the children hate, and Mother physically forces them to eat—are the only food they can afford. On Fridays, they drive to a stream where women wash clothes, men hunt porcupines, and children play. Ibtisam sees an older boy attempt to abduct Basel. The boy’s attempt fails, and his father beats him. Father decides Ibtisam, Basel, and Muhammad must now stay home for their safety. They are sad to lose their freedom, but Father brings water home for them to play in.
Mother takes Maha to a nearby herbalist, leaving Ibtisam to watch over her brothers, despite them being older. Ibtisam ran out of chalk and misses Alef but knows she will see him again when she goes to school.
A man pushes a cart of fresh basbooseh—sweet, syrup-soaked semolina cakes—into view. Ibtisam and her brothers are hungry. When the pastry man is distracted, Basel and Muhammad push the heavy cart to their house. Ibtisam opens the door, and they carry the tray of pastries inside, locking the door behind them. They eat every pastry. The pastry man yells and pounds at the door. Mother urges them to open up. A crowd gathers. Finally, the landlord opens the door with a key. The pastry man is furious, but the crowd urges him to have pity on the hungry refugees, saying God will repay his loss. Some shopkeepers offer him a small amount of money. The man argues that his children also need to eat and declares Mother must pay for the pastries.
Mother is incensed. She pinches the children and twists their ears. Father is also furious with their theft, arguing that they are guests in Jordan. He beats them with a belt, striping their backs. Their transgression is forgotten when the radio announces their family’s name as one allowed back in Ramallah. The family is overjoyed to be going home and ignores their neighbors’ apprehension. The pastry man forgives them.
The initial “letters” in Ibtisam’s post office box of memory are snapshots describing her childhood experience as a refugee: her family’s flight from Palestine during the six days of war with Israel and the months they spend living in Jordan. Her memories are written from a child’s perspective. Ibtisam details the physical, emotional, and mental effects of war on herself, her family, and fellow refugees. Young Ibtisam discovers the power of imagination and memory, which help her cope with her fear and will come to inform her writing as an adult. Readers learn more about Ibtisam’s parents and the differing feelings she has toward her mother and father. Finally, Ibtisam’s early, positive experience with the alphabet foreshadows her future love of language and her advocacy for education.
This section more clearly identifies the theme of The Loss of Childhood Innocence than the prior section. Having fled their home and hoping to secure a ride to Jordan, Ibtisam notes that she and her young brothers “had become more like soldiers than children” (32). Witnessing violence and destruction, fearing death, and grieving the loss of her home erodes Ibtisam’s childhood innocence. Ibtisam not only experiences the physical toll of war—she sustains a serious injury, and she and her brothers are frequently hungry and miss their absent father—Ibtisam also suffers negative emotional effects: She keenly feels the loss of her home, typically a child’s entire world and source of stability and safety. Ibtisam realizes that others have also lost their homes, although at her age she does not comprehend the wider political ramifications of the loss of her homeland. Ibtisam’s memoir is notable for the deliberate omission of politics. The comment from the man who informs the shelter refugees that the war is over also reveals this narrative approach, when he says, “Behawenha Allah” or, “We have lost so much that only God can ease our loss” (42-43), emphasizing the magnitude of loss but not its specifics. Ibtisam focuses on a child’s outlook of the war, leaving political ideology out and observing instead its intense personal effect on others. She empathizes with the injured, dying dogs because they, like her, are victims without homes. Similarly, she gives up her desire to take Souma with her, not wanting the donkey to lose its home the way she did. Ibtisam comes to understand and commiserate with the loss of one’s home.
Although Ibtisam observes adults expressing fear and grief, she shows mental resilience in controlling her fear, repressing her own emotions when she is separated from her family, and when her injured feet pain her, she commands herself “not to feel” and forces herself to stop crying (28). Ibtisam’s control is aided by her new ability to extend her imagination. She understands her mother’s fondness for the word “imagine” and its more nuanced Arabic counterpart, “batkhayyal,” meaning “to see the shadow of a thought” (30). In closing her eyes to see what her mother’s threat of blindness would look like, Ibtisam discovers that she can see her happy memories and imagine new ideas. Imagining allows Ibtisam to “hide.” Mentally, Ibtisam can protect herself from the immediacy of war and its fear and hardships. In her imagination, Ibtisam is safe, at home, and united with her father. Ibtisam’s fear of separation manifests in her unwillingness to leave Father, especially following her injury. Father is her protector, though Ibtisam has a preternatural understanding that even he has limits, commenting, “father would not be able to protect us. He could not make the war stop” (22).
Ibtisam adores her father. Unlike Mother, who is fierce and often emotionally remote, Father makes Ibtisam feel “loved just for being myself” (49). Father is the one in tears when Ibtisam finds him after the family is separated at night. Father and her brothers come to Ibtisam in the hospital. Father brings treats and builds a qantara to show Ibtisam that he loves her. Unsurprisingly, Father is “the solid center of [her] world” (34). Ibtisam also feels a close connection and unity with her brothers Basel and Muhammad. She is less certain of her relationship with Mother, whom she describes as distant. Ibtisam worries that their love for each other is unequal, commenting in the hospital that “I worried that Mother did not want to see me as much as I wanted to see her” and wishing that Mother would come out from behind her veil of imagining and notice her. Mother worries about the children’s safety, but she shows her love through protection more than affection, and she often resorts to physical punishments. While their family dynamics are complicated by war and the fear and separation it creates, being together with family and being home are of foremost importance to Ibtisam.
Finally, in this section, Ibtisam describes her initial meeting with Alef. Mother, whom readers will later learn is a firm believer in education, draws Alef, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, for Ibtisam and instructs Ibtisam to practice drawing Alef herself. Alef, her “chalk pet” captures Ibtisam’s imagination and becomes a friend who will always be with her, easing her fears of separation. Even at this young age, Alef offers a mental refuge for Ibtisam. Alef will continue to be a positive in her life when she is fearful and feels alone.
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