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54 pages 1 hour read

Rosemary Sutcliff

The Eagle of the Ninth

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1954

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Chapters 5-8Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 5 Summary: “Saturnalia Games”

Marcus’s Uncle Aquila, a retired soldier turned magistrate, lives at the edge of the town of Calleva, in a typical Roman household structured around a courtyard and surrounded by gardens. The only unique aspect of his dwelling is the presence of a watchtower at one edge of the wall surrounding it. Marcus finds that his uncle is entirely unlike his father; though they were brothers, it seems their only commonality was their careers as soldiers. Twenty years Marcus’s father’s senior, Uncle Aquila spends his days writing a military history. Slowly, Marcus and his uncle become acquainted. Like Marcus and his father, Uncle Aquila served in Britain, and upon his retirement he returned there to live, a decision Marcus struggles to understand. His Uncle Aquila explains that though he was born in Rome, the most pivotal moments of his life occurred on the island of Britain, and the sentimental attachment he developed to the land made it feel more like home than the place of their birth.

Although he is welcomed wholeheartedly into the home of his Uncle Aquila, Marcus’s first months there are miserable for him. In the aftermath of his trauma, has not only his physical pain to contend with, but a sense of intense loneliness stemming from the absence of others his own age. Recognizing his nephew’s dejection, Uncle Aquila takes him to the Saturnalia Games. Marcus is accustomed to the large-scale atmosphere of the colosseum but finds that Roman games are popular in Britain, and well attended. Among the attendees seated in their company are their neighbors, Kaeso and Valeria, and a young woman Marcus takes note of, not only because she is so different in appearance from the couple, but because of the distress she demonstrates during the animal fights in the arena. Marcus himself is fond of many of the events comprising Roman games but finds the gladiatorial fights to the death less enticing and more distasteful, especially because so many gladiators are enslaved.

In one such engagement, Marcus’s attention is captured by an enslaved Briton, a young man his own age who is pitted against a better-equipped gladiator, armed with a net. When the Briton is bested, trapped beneath the net, he and Marcus lock eyes. The Briton gestures slightly as if to ask for mercy from the crowd but changes his mind, and Marcus takes up the cause to save his life, raising a “thumbs up” and imploring the crowd, shouting for them to agree with him. Sufficiently persuaded, the crowd joins in with Marcus, and the Briton’s life is spared. When the games have concluded, Marcus asks Uncle Aquila what might happen to the Briton now. His uncle explains that once a gladiator has lost a fight and been given mercy, their appeal to the crowds is forever diminished. Feeling a sense of responsibility for having intervened on his behalf and recognizing that his medical needs mean he needs the assistance of a personal attendant, Marcus makes inquiries into purchasing the papers of the enslaved Briton.

Chapter 6 Summary: “Esca”

The Briton, named Esca, who is now enslaved by Marcus, is brought to Uncle Aquila’s home the following morning, and the two young men spend time getting acquainted. Esca almost immediately asks Marcus why Marcus campaigned for his life to be spared when he, the fighter in the arena, did not ask for it himself. Marcus explains that it is perhaps precisely because Esca did not ask for mercy that he was compelled to intervene on his behalf. Esca confirms for Marcus, who wondered it aloud, that he was in fact a warrior before he was forced into gladiatorial combat. Born and having spent most of his life as a member of the Brigante tribe, Esca has been enslaved two years. While others might disagree, Marcus says he believes this relatively short tenure to be an asset instead of a detriment. Marcus finds himself at ease with Esca though some have cautioned him against trusting the Briton, believing that because he has not been enslaved for long, he is predisposed to rebellion and retaliation.

When the opportunity for a hunt arises, Marcus encourages Esca, who is a skilled hunter, to participate. Marcus’s inability to attend himself is among the many constant reminders of his new limitations. When Esca returns, he brings a wolf cub as a gift to Marcus, explaining that among the members of his tribe it is a custom to raise orphaned wolf pups. Marcus realizes that there is something bothering Esca following the hunt and presses him to reveal what is troubling him. A comment made during the hunt by a Tribune named Placidus, who took pains to remind Esca that despite his superlative hunting skills, he is still enslaved, weighs heavily on Esca’s mind. Marcus reacts angrily, disgusted with the behavior of the Tribune, but also frustrated that Esca does not seem to realize that Marcus does not see him the way that others might. Marcus is concerned that his treatment of Esca has not communicated those sentiments, and he tries to impress upon him his respect for him.

On another occasion, Marcus learns that Esca’s father was chieftain of their tribe and that their clan was decimated when they rose against the Romans. Most were killed, including Esca’s father, two brothers, and mother, who requested that she be killed by her own people before being taken by the Romans. Those who survived, like Esca, were enslaved. When Marcus expresses shock and dismay, Esca points out that the outcome was not unlike what happened at Isca Dumnoniorum, but he quickly changes the subject before Marcus can reply. He explains that he prefers to cling to his remaining fond memories, launching into a series of recollections from his youth. As Esca recounts a particularly impactful experience from a decade before, seared in his memory as he hid from view, he describes the impressive, formidable presence of a Roman legion marching north. Marcus is stunned to realize that he is familiar with the legion that Esca is describing: “Esca, that was my father’s legion. His crest will have been the scarlet hackle next after the Eagle” (58).

Chapter 7 Summary: “Two Worlds Meeting”

On a spring afternoon, sitting in the courtyard with his wolf cub, named Cub, as he restores the Celtic weapons his Uncle Aquila displays around the house, Marcus receives a visit from their neighbor. The girl, whom Marcus remembers having seen at the Saturnalia Games, peers over the wall and asks if she can see the wolf pup. When she joins Marcus and Cub in the garden, Marcus finds her to be highly conversant, forthcoming, and direct. He is instantly reminded of a fox, not only by her appearance, but in her mannerisms and her personality traits. Like Esca, Cottia was born to a native tribe of Britons. She is now called Camilla by her adoptive aunt, who embraced all trappings of Roman life upon her marriage to a Roman magistrate, and who insists that Cottia adhere to these cultural standards. Cottia participates as required but defies the imposition of Roman influences on her identity. She vehemently attests to her allegiance to her tribe, the Iceni, and for Marcus this relationship with a peer who is native to this land gives him new perspective. Marcus later raises the issue with Esca, puzzled by the resistance to Roman occupation and cultural dominance: “Esca, why do all the frontier tribes resent our coming so bitterly? […] The tribes of the South have taken to our ways easily enough.” Esca’s response highlights the distinctions in how some tribes have received the Roman occupation: “We have ways of our own […] The tribes of the south had lost their birthright before the Eagles came in war. They sold it for the things that Rome could give” (65). Marcus asks whether those things Rome offers are so disagreeable, and Esca agrees that they are not necessarily disagreeable but clarifies with a caveat, “These be all good things. But the price is too high” (65), explaining further that those who have governed themselves and fought amongst one another for the land of their birth are unwilling to sacrifice that autonomy for any externally imposed benefits.

Chapter 8 Summary: “The Healer with the Knife”

Cottia begins regularly visiting Marcus, Esca, and Cub, and during their time spent together Marcus tells her about his childhood home in the Etruscan hills. His mother’s death two years after his father’s disappearance left him in the care of his father’s sister and her husband, a man with whom he had nothing in common. To Marcus’s frustration, his father’s brother-in-law sold the farm, which rightfully belonged to the Aquila line, to pay his own debts. His intense fondness for the farm in Clusium has not been tempered by his time away, but rather enhanced, along with his longing to restore it to the home he remembers.

Marcus’s leg has plagued him consistently since his wounding, but when the pain increases, Uncle Aquila suggests that they enlist the help of a reputable military field surgeon named Rufus Galarius, whom Uncle Aquila knows and trusts. Galarius performs a thorough evaluation of Marcus’s leg, and after inquiring who performed the initial procedure, relates with disgust that he knows the surgeon and thinks poorly of him. With regret Galarius informs Marcus that Marcus will require an additional surgery. Splinters from the wooden chariot components remain buried in Marcus’s thigh, and Galarius must reopen the wound and extract every piece. While Galarius cannot restore Marcus to his state of health prior to the injury, he is confident that this procedure will alleviate his pain and improve his mobility.

His surgery scheduled for the following morning, Marcus is resting when he hears a commotion and the familiar sound of Cottia’s voice. She barges into his quarters, incensed that Marcus kept the coming operation from her. Marcus minimizes the significance of the procedure, but Cottia demands that Esca inform her when the surgery has finished.

In the early morning hours, as Galarius and Esca make the necessary preparations for the procedure, Marcus reflects on the summer he has spent with Uncle Aquila and is filled with gratitude. Through the despair and bleakness, he feels a new sense of attachment and fond familiarity. When his surgery is complete, Marcus is overwhelmed with a sense of affection for Esca, Cub, and Cottia, whose companionship he realizes he has come to value tremendously. Marcus has begun to feel a sense of belonging and camaraderie with others, particularly those his own age, which was taken from him in his separation from the legion.

Chapters 5-8 Analysis

This grouping of chapters constitutes a period of Marcus’s life during which he is forced to examine his identity, and through which he is confronted with the sharp contrasts between the nature of his life experience and the experiences of others. Through Esca and Cottia, Marcus hears native Britons speak candidly about the impact that Roman occupation has had on their lives and the lives of their family members. Marcus may demonstrate a certain obliviousness in his surprise at the resistance Rome faces in Britain, but he does have a genuine interest in the perspectives of the native Britons, and he actively solicits Esca and Cottia’s opinions. Even his Uncle Aquila’s decision to remain in Britain is perplexing to him, and as they get to know one another he discovers how the events of his uncle’s life came to anchor him there.

Uncle Aquila is observant with respect to Marcus’s well-being, and his ability to empathize with Marcus as a fellow soldier places him in a position to understand how devastating Marcus’s loss of place and purpose has been for him. Though Uncle Aquila is nothing like his father, Marcus benefits from the instantaneous and unconditional acceptance that his uncle offers him, and the nurturing and protective environment of his uncle’s home facilitates his healing. Marcus embraces additional sources of strength and comfort in his relationships with his two new peers and with his dog, Cub. What was once an unknown and a convenient solution to his lack of accommodation quickly becomes a home.

In addition to inquiring into the motives of those who reject Roman rule, Marcus also must confront his beliefs surrounding the practice of enslavement. The enslavement of human beings is characteristic of Roman society, a pervasive practice across the entire empire, and a custom that has surrounded Marcus his entire life. Though Sutcliff indicates that Marcus has always found gladiatorial combat involving enslaved participants distasteful, this does not imply that he is opposed to enslavement as a general principle. It is only as Marcus comes to know Esca that he begins to contemplate what enslavement truly means. As a warrior, Esca is more like Marcus than not, especially because of the relatively short duration of Esca’s enslavement. In his attempts at reassurance, Marcus in essence attempts to force an equality that Esca cannot embrace.

Regardless of Marcus’s continued expressions of good will and his affirmations of the respect he has for Esca, at this point in the novel Esca is still enslaved. Marcus’s insistence that he does not view Esca as he views other enslaved persons, and the fact that he treats Esca with kindness and camaraderie, does not inspire the reverence that Marcus hopes it will. Still, the gestures of care and consideration Esca makes toward Marcus go beyond the basic requirements of his responsibilities, particularly in his rescue of Cub as a gift to Marcus. Sutcliff’s choice to describe only Marcus’s thoughts requires the reader to interpret Esca’s behaviors and dialogue, but through the novel there is not one instance in which Esca acts against Marcus’s best interests. There is no evidence of the animosity or ill will that other Romans warn Marcus may be lurking under a surface of pleasantness.

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