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51 pages 1 hour read

Rachel Kushner

The Flamethrowers

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2013

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “He Killed Him With a Motorbike Headlamp (What He Had in His Hand).”

A motorcycle race shortly after 1917 between battalion comrades Valera and Copertini ends in an accident: Copertini kills himself when he goes to fast and crashes into a tree. Valera methodically removes Copertini’s motorcycle headlamp so he could have a spare. Valera hears the distant sound of shelling, the background noise of World War I. Valera spots a German running out through the woods near him, removed from his platoon. Valera uses the removed headlamp to kill the German by smashing the headlamp against his head.

Chapter 2 Summary: “Spiritual America”

In 1976, a woman nicknamed Reno takes a break from her sweltering motorcycle drive through Nevada. She spots a bird and thinks of Pat Nixon, who presents the model of a relatable woman as current First Lady. Reno reflects that it’s easier to love people who are hard to love. As she pays for gas for her motorcycle, she observes the truck drivers on their break, swearing and singing along with music and unable to sit still. She remembers her uncle Bobby, a truck driver before he died. While he lay in the hospital dying, he would still move his leg as if a clutch needed him. Bobby was her uncle but also a father figure to her because she and her mother lived with him and his sons Scott and Andy. Bobby was a difficult man, the kind who would cook a steak for himself and feed the children only instant noodles. She thinks about how she “comes from reckless, unsentimental people” (32-33).

Her former love Sandro used this fact of her upbringing to accuse her of her own cruelty throughout their relationship. Both artists who work in a discipline called Land Art, Sandro would often try to pawn off Reno to art dealers interested in his work—or attracted to him—which led to resentment between the two. Reno was about to embark on a solo trip back out West when she and Sandro met Helen Hellenberger, a gallery owner and agent for artists who, Reno knew, slept with most of the men she represented. Although Sandro acted sad that Reno was leaving him alone, she knew he would be fine without her, happy with the attentions his fame and wealth afford him.

Reno contemplates the ironies of her solo journey back West. Being from the West herself, she moved to New York City to make some connections and a name for herself before returning home to the landscapes that fuel her art. Reno was attracted to drawing as a child when she learned the beauty and satisfaction of skiing neatly and speedily down a mountainside. Reno identities these two elements as her air: drawing and speed. Picking herself up out of her reveries, Reno pays for the gas and remounts her Moto Valera, which she uses to speed past the mandatory weigh stations and the looming mountains. As she approaches a Greyhound bus, she remembers the image of her mother traveling on buses when she was single, before she met Reno’s father who left the family when Reno was three years old. She passes the Greyhound, sees that it’s carrying prisoners for “Nevada Corrections,” and contemplates freedom.

Reno continues to push the speed on her motorcycle, a new Moto Valera. She learned to ride on the back of her cousins’ dirt bikes and owned her first Moto Valera in college. When she sold it to move to New York City, she didn’t realize that she would be meeting Sandro, the heir of the company that owns and makes Moto Valera, which reinvigorated her love for motorcycles. At Reno’s next stop for gas, she witnesses a peculiar argument between a man and a woman. The man splashes the woman’s legs with gasoline then flicks lit matches in her direction. Despite the violent nature of this scene, the man and woman seem genuinely affectionate with one another.

Reno reaches her destination for the night, a casino town on the Utah border. She stops at a motel for a room, but the motel is fully booked. The young man who partly owns and operates the motel propositions Reno for her bed. The maintenance man, Stretch, approaches Reno after to offer his room for the night. He has to work through the night and won’t bother her, and his charity is an extension of his disgust for his boss. The next morning, when Stretch comes in to take his shower, he and Reno talk about the speed trials, which Reno was a part of. Stretch asks Reno if she’ll ever pass through his town again; she says no and hugs him goodbye. Later, Reno wonders about Stretch, the kind man who gave her his bed for nothing. She pictures an alternate life with Stretch, imagining what their Western country life would be like.

On her way to the race, Reno recalls Flip Farmer, once the fastest salt speeder. She read extensively about his brushes with death and his perseverance in developing new vehicles to push his speed limits; she even met him as a child when he stopped in Reno to sign autographs. Flip had just retired after his defeat by an Italian driver sponsored by Sandro’s company.

Reno registers her motorcycle and observes the other vehicles preparing for the race. Most of the racers are families, with a matriarch guarding the cooler of drinks and a patriarch preparing the mechanics of the race. She watches as other vehicles race and crash, disappearing into the horizon. Reno waits for her turn to race, less concerned with winning and more interested in the art of it. After a failed attempt to interview Flip Farmer for her college project, she came up with the idea to capture a landscape after a race, so she wants to photograph the tracks her motorcycle makes in the salt. When it’s finally Reno’s turn to race, someone warns her about the wind gusts. True to the warning, the wind gust topples Reno over, and she slams into the salt. Her sliding motorcycle nearly collides into her spinning body, then her world goes dark.

Chapter 3 Summary: “He Had Come a Long Way to That Moment of Quick Violence,”

The narration takes a look back at Valera’s childhood and the whole journey of his life before he killed the German soldier with the headlamp. Valera grows up in Alexandria as a well-educated and slightly naughty little boy. He sneaks in lewd literature from France to entertain his friends—literature that helps him better imagine his desire for Marie, a French girl who lives in the convent next door. They hold hands and kiss, but she refuses to go further with him. Transfixed by sex, Valera pays a sex worker to take his virginity, an experience that surprises him with its sadness and convinces him to wait for Marie before he has sex again. But one day, he walks home to find a strange contraption near his home: an early model of a motorcycle. He watches Marie sneak out of the convent, kiss the man on the cycle, and ride off with him. Valera’s jealousy and shock turn into an exhilarating realization that there is so much for Valera to learn and experience. This thought gives him an erection, so he disrobes and enters the ocean as the sun sets. He writes a poem but forgets it later with no pen and paper to record it. He reflects that if Marie has a secret life in which she sneaks out and disappears with men, he has a chance with her. He resolves on getting a bicycle with an engine.  

Six years later, in 1906, Valera’s family moves to Milan. Valera has a difficult time adjusting to city life after years spent in the landscape of Africa. Though motorcycles are now common, Valera loses some of his desire to ride one, now that he is without an open sunset to ride off into.

Another six years later, in 1912, Valera is studying at a university in Rome. He is an observer but not a participant in the radical, intellectual discussions of the time. There, he witnesses a group of renegades race their motorcycles around the streets. The experience is thrilling, and Valera immediately feels an aesthetic beauty in their motorcycles. A cyclist sees Valera watching closely, and he invites him to try the motorcycle out. He gives Valera some basic instructions, then Valera follows the other motorcyclists around their city path. Exhilarated, Valera doesn’t want to stop, and he wonders why he waited so long to experience such strength and joy.

Chapters 1-3 Analysis

The first three chapters engage the reader in a narrative structure that mimics the whiplash Valera and Reno experience when they’re speeding on motorcycles. The cause of this sensation in the reader is from the drastically different nature of Kushner’s first three chapters. The narrative begins with Valera, though readers don’t get a sense of who he is really until Chapter 3. In Chapter 2, Kushner introduces Reno’s point of view before the reader knows who Reno is, how she is connected to Valera, or even what her name is. This builds suspense and curiosity in the reader. The tension allows Kushner to parallel structure with content. In the same way that speeding on motorcycles helps Valera and Reno see the world’s objects and realities differently, so too does the reader experience characters, concepts, and imagery differently. 

This unique style is essential to Kushner’s novel. The way she weaves her character’s inner thoughts throughout exciting plot points makes the reader feel that they too can understand how Reno or Valera feel when they ride their motorcycles, dodging between people and cars with the vast world as a mere background.

Kushner’s style is also influenced by her reliance on juxtapositions and dichotomies. Nearly every concept, large or small, is turned into a dichotomy. Reno feels torn between the East and the West, the city versus nature, and going fast versus going slow. Valera has thoughts and experiences that are juxtaposed with one another: Being alive or dead, being free or imprisoned, and experiencing pleasure hand-in-hand with sadness. These juxtapositions are important to character development and the subtle communication of the book’s themes.

By using the dichotomies of East versus West and all the implications that come with these disparate cultures and vastly different landscapes, Kushner can reveal a great deal about Reno without telling the reader too much. Reno’s art is inspired by the landscapes of the West: the salt fields, the mountains, and the colors in the vast skies. But the city—New York City, on the East Coast—is where Reno needs to be to make connections in the art world and sell her art. This juxtaposition implies that Reno would be better served in her home state of Nevada, but leaving home comes with a variety of complex feelings that Kushner implies will be explored later in the book. This juxtaposition of place also emphasizes Reno’s otherness in a place like New York and the irony of that judgment in her field. Reno is from the place that she paints, but there is an air of superiority around the art dealers when it comes to Reno, as though she doesn’t belong as an artist painting the landscapes of Nevada with such depth and creativity—at least not in New York. In Chapter 2, when the reader is invited into Reno’s narrative, the juxtaposition between freedom and imprisonment comes up several times, both in the metaphoric sense and in the literal. This foreshadows Reno’s own feelings of imprisonment, and her desire to break free from her past and present. 

Valera’s experience in Chapter 3 of the sensation of pain versus pleasure is an important dichotomy that Kushner explores explicitly and implicitly. Valera discovers that pleasure cannot be experienced without pain, and possibly vice versa. This foreshadows that the dichotomy between pain and pleasure is one that underlines much of the experiences Valera and Reno will go through.

Both Valera and Reno also have close connection to spaces. Their places and their psyches are very much intertwined. For example, when Reno travels back to Nevada for her art project, she is stunned by the natural beauty around her and feels an affinity for the ways the colors and landmarks frame one another. As much as Reno expresses a gratitude that she was able to move away from her family, her solo trip back to Nevada demonstrates her intimate relationship with the physical aesthetics of the land. This connection to space is most pronounced when Reno is flying through the land on her motorcycle. Therefore, it’s not just the land that is important to Reno but the symbiosis between speed and space. Similarly, Valera’s experiences with land and speed parallel Reno’s. When Valera first becomes attracted to the idea of motorcycles, it is with the landscape of Northern Africa’s skies in the background. When his family moves to a city in Italy, he is suddenly divorced from his desire for riding because there is no sky to ride into. Valera will later learn how to appreciate the city as a landscape for speed, but what is most notable is how closely intertwined Valera and Reno are in a secret and intimate motif of speed and space. Place therefore informs their psyches as well. 

Finally, though Kushner introduces two main characters, she posits Reno as the main protagonist. Valera’s two first chapters are quite short, whereas Reno’s chapter is long and varied. Secondly, Kushner tells the story of Valera through an omniscient third-person narrative, looking back on the past. Reno’s chapter is told through her first-person point of view, prioritizing her interpretation of her life and world. The reader is offered a more intimate look at Reno, while Valera remains a character to objectify.  

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