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61 pages 2 hours read

Alejo Carpentier

The Lost Steps

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1953

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Chapters 1-2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1, Entry 1 Summary

The novel opens with the narrator on the stage set of a Civil War drama in which his wife, Ruth, has a leading role. He reflects on the monotony of the last four years and seven months, feeling regret for their fading marriage and yearning for creativity and connection with nature.

The narrator recalls the early days of their relationship, when he was dazzled by the vibrant life surrounding Ruth’s performances. However, this energy has faded, leaving their life together as worn and joyless as Ruth’s costumes.

Initially set for 20 performances, the Civil War drama has become a hit, its run extended indefinitely, trapping Ruth in the role of Arabella. As the play consumes Ruth’s life, the couple drifts apart, living separately and meeting only to fulfill what they see as marital obligations. The narrator, who sacrificed his dreams to support Ruth, resents the play for the wedge it has driven between them.

The narrator becomes even more lonely when Ruth goes on tour with the company. He loses track of time, and his days become a blur of aimless drinking and fleeting relationships. In a shop window, he encounters books like Prometheus Unbound and The Odyssey. He plans to visit his lover, Mouche.

Chapter 1, Entry 2 Summary

The narrator reflects on his emotional connection with music, followed by his disillusionment with modern interpretations of classical music. He returns to the symphony after a three-year hiatus, only to be disappointed by the lack of subtlety in the performance. The narrator struggles to reconcile himself to the current state of music. He leaves the performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony prematurely, as the intense music clashes with his longing for subtlety.

As he leaves the symphony, he bumps into an old acquaintance from the Museum of Organography, whom he refers to only as “the Curator.” The Curator presents him with a recording that supports the narrator’s theory that music’s origins are rooted in mimicking nature. Plunged once again into nostalgia and regret, the narrator remembers with frustration how the pressures of work forced him to give up on proving his theory.

When the Curator asks about his latest research, the narrator goes on a tangent laden with falsehoods and misapplied musical terms. Surprisingly, the Curator recommends him for a project to collect Indigenous American musical instruments. The narrator is initially reluctant.

Chapter 1, Entry 3 Summary

The story moves to Mouche’s apartment, highlighting the narrator’s skepticism toward her interest in horoscopes and palm reading, which she turns to after losing faith in her poetic inspiration. The narrator’s relationship with Mouche, which began two years before Ruth’s absence, is marked by arguments and an inexplicable attraction.

The atmosphere shifts when Mouche enters with friends to showcase a short film the narrator worked on featuring scenes of tuna and lobsters. Although the film is well-received, and Mouche praises it, the narrator’s satisfaction is short-lived as he remembers the project’s commercial purpose—a promotional piece for the Fisheries Association. This realization dampens his sense of achievement, as he feels shame at using his musical talent in a commercial context.

The narrator shares with Mouche the curator’s offer for a research trip. Mouche’s reaction—offended that she wasn’t considered in his plans and announcing her own separate intention to go to South America—irritates the narrator.

Ultimately, seeing the curator’s offer as an opportunity to make meaningful use of his vacation, the narrator accepts the mission.

Chapter 2, Entry 4 Summary: “Wednesday, June 7”

Arriving in the capital, the narrator and Mouche encounter a reporter on the plane who shares his mixed opinion of the city, which has modern features like electricity and machines set against a backdrop of ancient buildings and leaking roofs. Despite the fancy stock exchange, many areas are congested, poorly designed, and hidden from tourists. Progress in the city is represented by well-maintained lawns alongside signs of decay and neglect.

The following day, despite initially regretting the trip and feeling trapped, the narrator finds comfort in the familiar Spanish language, which awakens forgotten phrases and memories, including one of his mother cutting his blonde hair.

They visit an antique shop searching for the musical instrument, which ends in vain. The narrator becomes irritated with Mouche for choosing a souvenir to look more intellectual instead of something culturally authentic. However, the scent of basil in the shop triggers a happy childhood memory of Maria del Carmen, who was the daughter of his family’s gardener.

Chapter 2, Entry 5 Summary: “Thursday, the 8th”

Tensions rise early between the narrator and Mouche, as an allergic reaction prevents him from fulfilling Mouche’s desire for sex on the first night of the vacation, leading to further discord during an opera visit. Though he expects to dislike the opera, the narrator finds it charming, contrasting Mouche’s dismissive snobbery.

The night brings a mix of nostalgia and realization for the narrator, while Mouche breaks his immersion by wanting to go back to the hotel. The narrator contemplates the constellations and Mouche’s ironic disconnect from the celestial bodies she monetizes through horoscopes. His quest for a traditional instrument becomes a solitary pursuit. He regains a sense of connection to the local culture as Spanish phrases and simple joys like the smell of bread return to him.

The narrator’s moment of peace is abruptly cut off by machine gun fire, marking the start of a revolution. Mouche’s frustration that the revolution disrupts her vacation highlights her disconnect from the severity of the situation. They laugh when they see hotel staff who had previously served them now fighting in the revolution, and later they are shocked when some of these servers are shot right in front of them.

The violence escalates, with tanks and explosions forcing the narrator and Mouche, along with other hotel guests, into lockdown. Attempting to distract themselves from the fear and uncertainty outside, they turn to alcohol, leading to a night of passion—the first night in some time that the narrator has slept soundly without drugs.

Chapter 2, Entry 6 Summary: “Friday, the 9th”

The characters’ relationships intensify during the revolution, especially the narrator’s feelings for Mouche. The guests adjust to the situation; pianists and dancers keep practicing even amid the gunfire. When the remaining wait staff leave to join the fight, the guests become anxious about their food supply. The hotel becomes infested with pests and insects, causing further discomfort.

An explosion shifts everyone’s focus to the dire situation, with a dead animal outside contributing to a foul smell and a fly infestation. Mouche complains about not having enough water for a bath after sunbathing. The narrator checks the cellar for supplies, finding enough food and wine to last for some time, leading to a short-lived celebration among the guests.

A Canadian painter tells Mouche and the narrator that the revolution is over and invites them to stay at her place in Los Altos. Skeptically, the narrator steps out for cigarettes and encounters snipers, realizing the danger hasn’t passed. His attempt to return to the hotel is fraught with danger, and he grows mistrustful of Mouche’s judgment and her inclination toward recklessness.

Back at the hotel, the Kapellmeister is killed by a stray bullet. Overwhelmed by the situation, Mouche and the narrator agree to flee to Los Altos for safety.

Chapter 2, Entry 7 Summary: “Saturday, the 10th”

The narrator and Mouche accompany the Canadian painter to Los Altos. Despite its lack of monumental features, Los Altos captivates the narrator with its genuine, lively charm. Through his stream-of-consciousness reflections, the narrator‘s escalating turmoil and skepticism toward Mouche are intensified by the painter‘s control over the group and Mouche‘s uncharacteristic submission and intellectual pretensions.

Mouche‘s inability to form opinions on unfamiliar topics further irritates the narrator, who views her intellectualism as superficial. His observations extend to Mouche‘s pattern of forming intense, short-lived friendships. Mouche‘s indifference to the surrounding turmoil and her engagement with the local celebrations amplify the narrator‘s feelings of alienation, and he begins to suspect that she is having an affair.

Mouche and the narrator meet some local artists, whom the narrator dubs the “Three Wise Men.” They praise Mouche’s Parisian allure in effusive terms, prompting the narrator to question their sincerity. To divert attention from Mouche, he interjects, asking if any of the artists have ventured into the jungle. They respond dismissively, claiming that there is nothing to see there and that such trips are for “foreigners who wanted to collect bows and quivers” (73). Seeking escape, the narrator finds solace by a brook, where the authentic melody of a harpist’s performance reaffirms his commitment to artistic truth. Determined to proceed with the Curator’s mission, he purchases two bus tickets for the following morning and is resolved to continue with or without Mouche’s approval.

Chapters 1-2 Analysis

The first two chapters establish the theme of The Quest for Authenticity. Chapter 1 opens on a stage set for a Civil War drama—literally an artificial America that, for the narrator, stands as a symbol of everything that is false and artificial about the real America. As he notices the shabbiness of the props and costumes—“stinking of old mastic, old felt, sweat seeping into frock coats already redolent of the sweat of before” (7)—he regards these signs of wear as symbolizing the worn-out quality of his marriage to Ruth, who stars in the play. Like the play, their marriage is a performance that has run its course and no longer contains any genuine feeling.

His lover, Mouche, may have initially seemed to him like an escape from the inauthenticity of his marriage, but this relationship too is wearing thing, becoming a performance of love rather than the real thing. He sees her as a foil to himself—someone whose interest in culture is false and superficial whereas his is genuine and deep. However, his judgments often lack any logical consistency. In an antique shop, he criticizes her for choosing a small statue of a hippocampe (a seahorse) based on literary appeal over a more authentic artifact, stating: “buying a dusty hippocampe because of literary references when she could have bought an authentic miniature of Santa Rosa with her flowering palm” (70). His criticism is ironic since he himself became acquainted with Santa Rosa through a book: “I happened to open it at a section with a series of devout titles [...] And a border festooned with Latin words: Sanctae Rosae Limanae, Virginis. Patronae principalis totius Americae Latinae” (14), which translates to “Saint Rose of Lima, Virgin. Principal Patroness of all Latin America.” This incident suggests that he and Mouche have more in common than he thinks. His way of learning about cultural figures through literature or intellectual talking points to a shared disconnection from authentic experiences, suggesting a broader societal pattern. It signals the narrator’s battle with authenticity, urging him to address the divide between his intellectual skepticism and the yearning for a more genuine and immediate connection.

The inauthenticity the narrator sees all around him stifles his creativity. In New York, a world capital of both cultural and economic production, the pressures of the market present a constant threat to authentic art. Ruth is caught in a suffocating theatrical contract for financial security, and the narrator himself compromises his art for a commercial fisheries ad. Here, creativity feels less like freedom and more like a cell, highlighted through the narrator’s observation: “Souls were no longer sold to the devil, but to the Book-keeper or the Gallery Master” (13), indicating a life drained of creativity due to the demands of earning a living.

The narrator grapples with the fickle nature of artistic legacy, highlighting the varying receptions of composers like Bach and Cherubini as a reflection of generational tastes: “I thought to myself that these posthumous powers suffer a decline or, on the contrary, are strengthened, depending on the taste of different generations” (18). This observation underlines his disillusionment with the fleeting impact of art, questioning the permanence of creative achievements in the face of changing societal preferences. His frustration intensifies with the realization that his creative work, confined by traditional forms, risks being overlooked or forgotten by future audiences.

Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony first appears as a motif in this context. The symphony—especially its closing “Ode to Joy”—is among the best-known and most loved musical compositions of all time, but its promise of collective liberation and renewal appears, from the narrator’s vantage point, to have been an empty one. Two centuries after the symphony was composed, the world is no closer to Beethoven’s (or Schiller’s) imagined utopia, and the stirring music appears as an echo of a vanished hope.

The Curator’s arrival punctures this monotonous existence. He offers a recording of an Indigenous instrument that mimics the sound of a bird. He believes the narrator should regard this recording as a vindication—proof that the narrator’s theory about the origins of music was correct. The narrator, however, cannot match the Curator’s excitement. He developed and published that theory long ago, and now he regards the effort as wasted, no more authentic than “the bird that is not a bird, with a song that is not a song but a magical imitation” (21). Like everything he does, this effort at scholarship was stymied by the pressures of modernity and capitalism, and the reminder of his failure angers him: “Now the spinning record incensed me, as I realized my clever—perhaps even true—theory had been relegated, like so much, to an attic of dreams that this era with its workaday tyrannies would never allow me to fulfill” (22). When he agrees to travel to South America at the Curator’s request, it is not because he shares the Curator’s optimism but because he sees an opportunity to escape those “workaday tyrannies.”

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