47 pages • 1 hour read
Katherine ApplegateA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Ruby describes her first day of life to Uncle Ivan, Uncle Bob, and Aunt Kinyani. Her mother supported her with her trunk as she learned to walk. Nearby, her brother Reth ran around. She was aware of the forest and of the rest of her herd. Ruby’s mother announced that her name was Nya, and there were trumpets of joy.
Ruby remembers messily eating her first meal. It tasted delicious and sweet.
There were sixteen elephants in Ruby’s herd. The savanna was beautiful and vast, and sometimes dangerous. The herd walked constantly in search of food and water. As a small elephant, Ruby was especially vulnerable to predators, but her herd protected her.
Ruby loved her powerful and beautiful mother, Bishara. She often held onto her tail as they walked. Her brother was four years older and very boisterous. Her best friend was Gichinga, a cattle egret (a type of bird). Cattle egrets often follow elephant herds to eat the bugs their feet kick up from the earth. In return, the cattle egrets, who often ride on the elephants’ backs, sound an alarm when predators are coming.
An accompanying illustration depicts a small elephant, Ruby, holding the tail of a larger elephant, her mother, Bishara, in a line of elephants.
Initially, Ruby was indignant about the small bird sitting on her back, but Gichinga pointed out all the other elephants with birds on their backs. Before long, Gichinga and Ruby started to make music together.
Gichinga was an important friend for Ruby, because he showed her the possibilities of friendship.
Ruby smelled smoke and knew instinctually that it was dangerous. Her grandmother explained that the world was much drier than in the past, so there were more fires.
The herd became hungry and excruciatingly thirsty; the land was gripped by drought.
An illustration shows a small elephant, Ruby.
Grandmama, the herd’s matriarch, led the herd to human farms, where angry farmers fired rifles at them.
Ruby began to lag. Her mother waited with her. Grandmama slowed the herd’s pace as much as possible. Gichinga began sitting on a faster elephant at his mother’s insistence.
Ruby and her mother lost the herd. Ruby saw a mud puddle and excitedly jumped into it. She sank and became stuck and scared. Her mother couldn’t reach her with her trunk. Ruby heard humans and was terrified.
The humans tied ropes around Ruby and helped her out. They were good humans. Ivan and Bob agree that there are some good humans.
On the other hand, Ruby says, “there were the bones” (97).
Ruby and her mother caught up to the herd. They came across a pile of elephant bones and stopped respectfully, taking turning gently touching the bones with their trunks. An older elephant reprimanded Ruby for almost stepping on a bone. Ruby asked where the elephant’s tusks were; Ruby’s mother and Grandmama did not know.
Two days later, Ruby and her mother fell behind again. Suddenly, Ruby’s mother was shot, and died. Ruby decided that she would stay and become bones with her.
Two young bull elephants approached and told Ruby that she had to run away; the poachers were coming for her mother’s tusks. She ran with the two bulls, who made sure Ruby didn’t watch what was happening, but she knew anyway.
The two bulls did their best to care for Ruby, but they had no milk to give her. They told her stories and sheltered her from the heat.
A giant insect, making a thud-thud-thud sound, appeared overhead. The bulls urged Ruby to run, but she was frozen in panic as it landed on the ground.
Three humans got out of the giant insect. One pointed a black stick at Ruby.
Ruby heard a sharp noise and felt pain in her side at the same time. She suddenly felt exhausted and lay down to rest.
Ruby awoke, feeling heavy and sleepy. She realized that she was flying through the air inside the insect. She felt bewildered and scared, and tried to think of her mother’s warmth.
Still feeling heavy and sleepy, Ruby was moved from the giant insect (a helicopter) into a truck. When the truck stopped, Ruby could smell both humans and baby elephants.
Jabori, Ruby explains, was a kind, reassuring presence. He constantly talked and hummed, and he always knew what she needed.
Jabori knew that Ruby liked having a blanket draped over her back to sleep, and he knew when she would be hungry. Jabori hummed comfortingly when Ruby had bad dreams. He called her Duni.
An accompanying illustration shows a young elephant, Ruby, being patted by a smiling man, Jabori. Ruby is under a blanket; she looks content.
Jabori started by providing food for Ruby, encouraging her to eat by dipping his fingers in the food and bringing them to her mouth. Eventually, she ate.
Bob agrees that there is nothing as good as a meal when you didn’t think you would ever get one again.
Jabori then brought a bottle of the same liquid for Ruby to drink from, which was easier and less messy.
An accompanying illustration shows a baby elephant, Ruby, suckling from a bottle.
Ruby now knows that she was in an elephant orphanage. The humans there were loving, and provided food and shelter for baby elephants who were lost and alone.
Soon after this, Ruby was allowed to join in with the other baby elephants on their adventures; she was welcomed with trumpets and nuzzles. Ruby heard the other elephants having nightmares, although none of them talked about their past.
Every morning at the orphanage, Ruby and the other baby elephants would get their bottles of milk substitute and then go outside to play. Their favorite thing to do was to roll in the mud puddles together.
Next, the elephants would forage, practicing for when they were old enough to eat plants rather than milk.
One day, Ruby was startled by a moth that flew out of a bush. She laughed at herself with the other elephants.
An accompanying illustration shows a small elephant, Ruby, with a moth sitting between her eyes, as she sits with an expression of surprise on her face. Another illustration depicts two baby elephants with their trunks linked together, looking happy.
These chapters continue to explore the theme of Animal Cruelty and Exploitation. Ruby’s mother’s tragic death is foreshadowed by the elephant skeleton the herd finds on the savanna: “‘Where are her tusks?’ Mama and Grandmama looked at each other. ‘We may never know,’ Mama answered at last. ‘I don’t understand,’ I said” (101). A period of rising tension ensues when Ruby says, “Soon enough I would” (101); this remark indicates that the circumstances that killed the long-dead elephant will soon touch Ruby’s life (101). Those readers with a knowledge of the ivory trade may guess—particularly given their knowledge that Ruby ends up in an orphanage—that Ruby’s mother will be killed by poachers.
The cruelty of humans toward animals is reiterated when Ruby’s mother is killed. The sound of the gunshot is “like a crack of thunder. Like a rock split in two. Like a heart breaking” (102). Applegate combines literal and metaphorical language to describe the violence of the sound, as well as Ruby’s devastation and heartbreak at her mother’s death. The horror of the practice of killing elephants, particularly mother elephants with young calves, is emphasized when the bulls urge Ruby not to watch the appalling sight of her mother’s tusks being sawn off her body by the poachers.
Ruby’s young age and innocence stand in stark contrast to the violence she witnesses. She doesn’t have the language to describe what she sees, having no knowledge of poachers and little knowledge of humans in general. Instead, she uses what she does know to make sense of this human intrusion, as when she describes the helicopter as a giant insect. Very quickly Ruby goes from a life is (relatively) untainted by human activity to a life defined and shaped by human cruelty, and her ignorance of the human world underscores how unequipped she is to understand this violent, traumatic change. It is only now, as she recounts her past to loved ones and faces her scary feelings, that she can begin to understand and process what she went through.
The cruelty of the humans who kill Ruby’s mother to saw her tusks off is contrasted with the kindness of Jabori at the elephant shelter. Applegate does not wholly condemn humanity’s treatment of animals; instead, she acknowledges that humans can use their position of relative power to either help animals or to treat them with indifference or outright cruelty. The Importance of Friendship and Family is explored in the character of Jabori, who soothes Ruby in her time of greatest distress: “He constantly sang or hummed or talked in that low, wind-in-the-trees voice” (117). His love for Ruby is apparent in the thoughtfulness of his care and in the way he is able to anticipate her needs, much like her mother once did.
Ruby’s life at the orphanage is characterized as a relatively happy time, in spite of her grief over the loss of her mother and the traumatic circumstances of her mother’s death. Ruby’s resilience is demonstrated by her joyful playing with Jabori and with the other baby elephants. Chapter 60: “Milk and Mud” and Chapter 61: “Stampede” contain illustrations of Ruby looking happy and inquisitive with the other baby elephants as they engage in “mudfun” and foraging.
Ruby’s ongoing Coming of Age is made manifest here in her mature choice to confide in Uncle Ivan and Uncle Bob about her traumatic memories of her childhood in Africa. In her decision to unpack her complicated feelings about her tusks, which are undoubtedly interwoven with her mother’s tragic death, Ruby signals that her approaching Tuskday ceremony will be successful.
By Katherine Applegate