70 pages • 2 hours read
Alexandre DumasA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Porthos has dinner with Madame Coquenard at her home, pretending to be her cousin. He delights in the idea of family dinner as he has no family of his own to dine with. During dinner, Monsieur Coquenard keeps eyeing a chest, which Porthos assumes holds the Coquenard fortune. But the dinner he is served is so meager that he wonders whether the Coquenards are actually poor or just cheap. After dinner, Porthos speaks privately with Madame Coquenard, who offers him a small sum of money, as well as a horse and a mule for the war.
D’Artagnan continues his visits to Milady, with whom he is falling more and more in love. One night, her maid Kitty confesses her love for d’Artagnan and tells him that Milady is not in love with him. As proof, she gives d’Artagnan a note: Milady writes to the man she actually wants, the Comte de Wardes. Outraged, d’Artagnan wants revenge. Kitty pretends that she is too loyal to Milady to comply until d’Artagnan kisses her to seduce her into helping him. He spends time in Kitty’s room so he can overhear Milady’s conversations. Milady gloats that she has successfully captured d’Artagnan’s interest, by request of the cardinal. She is still frustrated that d’Artagnan didn’t kill Lord de Winter when he had the chance; Milady wants him dead so her son can inherit his fortune. The more d’Artagnan learns about Milady, the more he now finds her repulsive. However, he is also still attracted to her. D’Artagnan starts writing letters to Milady, pretending to be the Comte de Wardes.
When the three Musketeers and d’Artagnan meet up again, they all have different expressions: “Porthos, tranquility,” “d’Artagnan, hope,” “Aramis, uneasiness,” and “Athos, carelessness.” Aramis meets a stranger, who asks to see his handkerchief. When Aramis shows him the handkerchief given to him by his mistress, the man gives Aramis money from his mistress. D’Artagnan walks in on Aramis jumping for joy: He now has enough money for war equipment—though Aramis claims that it came from a poem of his being published. Porthos receives the horse and mule his mistress promised, but is angry to find that both animals are scrawny. D’Artagnan recognizes the horse as the sad pony he rode into Paris on. Porthos confronts Madame Coquenard about the embarrassing animals, but she insists she did her best.
D’Artagnan goes to Milady’s house for his nightly visit. When he teases that Kitty is much kinder than she is, Milady asks him to leave. D’Artagnan knows that, because of his fraudulent letter, Milady is expecting the Comte de Wardes. D’Artagnan hides in Kitty’s closet. The room is dark—Milady doesn’t want the comte to see her blush—so d’Artagnan approaches her, pretending to be the comte. Milady gives him a sapphire ring as a token of her affection.
The next day, d’Artagnan shows the ring to Athos and brags about his revenge. Athos is shocked to recognize the ring—it is a family heirloom that he gave to a loved one. D’Artagnan realizes that Athos must have given this sapphire ring to his wife. Athos warns d’Artagnan against seeing Milady ever again.
Kitty goes to d’Artagnan’s house—Milady asked her to deliver a message to the Comte de Wardes. D’Artagnan writes back to Milady as the comte, telling her that he has many other women occupying his time. Kitty takes this as a sign that d’Artagnan is finally hers. Milady receives the note and is extremely angry.
Milady is surprised when d’Artagnan doesn’t visit her as usual. She sends Kitty to ask why. D’Artagnan arrives; when he sees Milady’s sad disposition and her tears, he is instantly again infatuated with her: “His love, which he believed to be extinct but which was only asleep, awoke again in his heart” (729). He professes his desire, but Milady can only return his love if he kills the Comte de Wardes. Kitty is devastated by this turn of events.
D’Artagnan believes that he is in love with Milady, but he isn’t sure if she has real feelings for him. He and Milady have sex, but she can’t stop talking about him killing the comte. Unwilling to murder the man, d’Artagnan comes clean about the fake letters. Enraged, Milady punches d’Artagnan. As he tries to hold her back, her dress droops around the shoulders and he sees a fleur-de-lis brand on her shoulder, which matches that of Athos’s dead wife. Milady realizes that this “young man now knew her secret, her terrible secret” (749), so she tries to stab him with a blade. Even for the brave d’Artagnan, this is an intensely frightening moment because he is still naked. He manages to disarm Milady and barely escapes, dressed hastily in women’s clothes.
D’Artagnan runs to Athos’s house. Athos laughs because d’Artagnan is still dressed as a woman. When d’Artagnan describes Milady’s fleur-de-lis, Athos agrees she must be his former wife, who he thought was dead. Athos doesn’t know how she survived, but he is certain that Milady is working for the cardinal, making the situation even more dangerous. D’Artagnan gives Athos his family ring back, and Athos decides to sell it and split the money with d’Artagnan.
Kitty arrives, desperate to get out of her situation. If she stays, Milady will make her life miserable. D’Artagnan asks Aramis to find Kitty a new job in a new city, so Aramis arranges to send her to Tours.
The three Musketeers now have the money they need for their equipment. They vow to stay by d’Artagnan’s side to keep him safe.
Planchet brings d’Artagnan two letters. An unsigned letter invites d’Artagnan to a rendezvous; d’Artagnan assumes it is from Constance. The second letter is from the cardinal, ordering d’Artagnan to a meeting. Treville encourages him to meet the cardinal out of duty.
When the musketeers and d’Artagnan go to the meeting place specified in the first letter, a carriage drives by with a woman d’Artagnan is certain is Constance inside. The whole thing seems like a set-up. The Musketeers, along with others of the corps, then accompany d’Artagnan to his meeting with the cardinal. Although d’Artagnan is not yet a Musketeer, many of the Musketeers are happy to support their future comrade. Still, d’Artagnan is nervous because of Cardinal Richelieu’s immense power in France.
Cardinal Richelieu admires d’Artagnan’s short but fruitful time in Paris. He knows everything d’Artagnan has been up to, even remarking on the diamond d’Artagnan is wearing, which the queen gave him in thanks for completing the mission to England. The cardinal offers d’Artagnan a job in his own Guards, but d’Artagnan refuses. He can’t give up his Musketeer friends. The Cardinal is surprised and offended; he remains outwardly amiable, though his manner indicates that he knows more than he lets on. On his way out, a somewhat frightened d’Artagnan almost reconsiders the Cardinal’s offer, but knows he doesn’t want to leave his friends.
The Musketeers and other units line up for the King’s review of their equipment ahead of war. Porthos and Madame Coquenard have a tearful last night together before he leaves. Aramis writes a long letter, though no one knows to whom. As d’Artagnan joins his unit, Milady points him out to two of his fellow soldiers.
The cardinal started the war to reclaim La Rochelle—first because the city is now held by the English and populated by Huguenots, and second, because it is an important port connecting England and France. For the cardinal, this battle will also be revenge on the duke for his affair with the queen and for evading the king’s suspicions.
D’Artagnan’s unit arrives at the battle before the Musketeers, who are traveling slowly with the King.
D’Artagnan takes stock of his life. He has high hopes for the war, which he believes will prove his mettle enough for him to become a Musketeer; however, although he has won the favor of the Queen of France, he also made enemies of the cardinal and Milady. He believes he is in love with Constance, but their relationship remains unconsummated.
As d’Artagnan thinks about these things, he suddenly sees a musket aimed at him. He just manages to dive for cover as someone shoots at him. Back at camp, he can think of three possibilities. The first and most obvious is that a soldier from La Rochelle noticed d’Artagnan and took the opportunity to kill an enemy. But the bullets shot at him came from a weapon too sophisticated to be a regular soldier’s gun. That means the shooter was sent by the cardinal or by Milady. D’Artagnan sleeps fitfully, worried that he will be attacked again.
D’Artagnan is selected to scout the Rochellais bastion’s defenses. As his small group goes on their mission, two of the men suddenly disappear. Suddenly, d’Artagnan and his remaining companion soldier are shot at. The shooters are the missing two men. D’Artagnan plays dead, and then leaps at the men when they come closer. One runs toward the bastion, hoping to join the Rochellais, but they shoot him. After d’Artagnan subdues Brisemont, the other would-be killer, Brisemont confesses that they were sent by Milady. D’Artagnan wants the letter from Milady as proof, but it is in the hands of the assassin who ran to the bastion. D’Artagnan manages to reach him, using him as a human shield while he runs away from the bastion. On the dead assassin is a letter that orders the assassination attempt and also reveals that Constance has eluded Milady’s goons and is hiding in a convent.
D’Artagnan dumps the dead assassin, but brings Brisemont one back to camp. When he tells no one what Brisemont tried to do, he wins the approval of his unit for his brave mission and gains a new ally in Brisemont.
D’Artagnan gets a letter from the Musketeers’ purveyor, informing him that Athos, Porthos, and Aramis are confined in the King’s temporary castle after partying too much, but they are sending d’Artagnan a case of Anjou wine so he can drink to their health. D’Artagnan hosts a little banquet for his favorite friends in his unit.
Their party is interrupted by the arrival of the king and the cardinal. Porthos, Athos, and Aramis are happy to reunite with d’Artagnan. However, they insist they did not send him any wine—and the handwriting in the letter is not that of their purveyor. Meanwhile, Brisemont begins convulsing on the ground. He dies a horribly violent death, cursing d’Artagnan for betraying him—it turns out that the wine was poisoned.
The men agree that they must defeat Milady, but they need to be careful about their plan. D’Artagnan wants to free Constance and assumes the queen knows which convent she is in. Aramis has an intimate connection with someone who might be able to get this information from the queen.
The French defeat the English in the Battle of La Rochelle. Montague, an envoy of the Duke of Buckingham, is captured with a letter that proves that Spain, England, Germany, and Lorraine are all working together against France. In the Duke of Buckingham’s abandoned belongings, the French discover evidence against Queen Anne and her friend Madame Chevreuse. The cardinal mulls what to do with this information while the war continues.
Meanwhile, Aramis, Athos, and Porthos sneak away to drink at a bar called the Red Dovecot. They run into two suspicious-looking horsemen and demand to know their identity. One turns out to be the cardinal. None of the four should be away from camp, so all four have reason to cooperate. The Musketeers claim that they were at the Red Dovecot to defend a woman from rape. The cardinal, meanwhile, asks them to join him in an empty inn. The three Musketeers wait while he meets someone else in secret.
Listening in on the cardinal’s conversation, the three Musketeers discover that he is meeting with Milady. He has arranged for an English boat to sail Milady to her next mission: to threaten the Duke of Buckingham with the fact that the cardinal has proof of the affair and of political machinations against France. What’s more, the cardinal has imprisoned Montague and will torture him if the duke doesn’t comply. What’s more, Milady is to find an assassin who will kill the Duke of Buckingham for religious reasons. Milady in turn tells the cardinal about Constance, who is hiding out in a convent; the cardinal will try to find out which one. Finally, Milady confesses that she has made a dangerous enemy in d’Artagnan. The cardinal assures her that once he has proof of d’Artagnan’s conspiracy with the duke, he can have d’Artagnan imprisoned.
Porthos and Aramis leave with the cardinal. Once they’re gone, Athos returns and confronts Milady in her room. She is horrified to see him. He knows about everything she’s done, from stealing the queen’s diamond studs, to sleeping with d’Artagnan when he was disguised as the Comte de Wardes. Though he’s amazed and confused that Milady is still alive, Athos is more concerned about what she might do next. He doesn’t care if she kills the Duke of Buckingham, but if she hurts d’Artagnan, Athos will make her pay for it. Athos points a gun at her head and demands she hand over the cardinal’s signed instructions. He then meets up with the other Musketeers, and they go to find d’Artagnan.
The three Musketeers want to tell d’Artagnan about everything that has transpired, but they need privacy. They go to an inn, thinking it will be empty, but it’s full of soldiers eating breakfast. When d’Artagnan tells his friends about his role in the battle for the Bastion of Saint-Gervais, another soldier interrupts their conversation to hear the story. Knowing that they won’t get any privacy here, Athos bets the soldier that the three Musketeers can eat breakfast at the Bastion of Saint-Gervais without being killed by the English, who are certain to come back to try to win it back. Athos’s friends are upset by this dangerous bet, but Athos points out that there are still dead English soldiers on the battlefield; they can steal the dead men’s belongings.
In these chapters, Dumas displays d’Artagnan’s main character flaw—selfishness—through his treatment of women. When Kitty betrays her dangerous and petty employer Milady out of love for d’Artagnan, D’Artagnan has no concern for endangering her life. He takes advantage of Kitty’s desire for him, happy to write off whatever severe consequences might follow because of Kitty’s low station as a servant. D’Artagnan is similarly careless of the feelings of Milady. We may forgive his forging letters from the Comte de Wardes because we know Milady to be a murderous and sinister character, but there is something deeply disturbing about d’Artagnan’s deception. When he tricks Milady, d’Artagnan has no proof that she is in the cardinal’s employ or that she is responsible for Constance’s disappearance. His primary reason for lying is his wounded pride: Milady is not as attracted to him as he is to her. What’s more, while Dumas’s readers would have interpreted d’Artagnan sleeping with Milady while disguised as the Comte de Wardes as a funny take on the medieval trope of the bed trick (made popular in such works as Boccaccio’s Decameron [1353] and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales [1392]), to modern readers, this reads as nonconsensual sex.
The novel’s two main antagonists, Milady and Cardinal Richelieu, are developed as the novel explores its take on Good and Evil. Interestingly, the two are foils whose interests do not completely align. Milady’s melodramatic backstory and her mysterious motivations and intentions make her a compelling character. In many ways, she is at the center of the novel’s web of connections. She is French, but presents herself as English, linking the two warring countries of the plot. She is romantically connected to Athos, d’Artagnan, and the Comte de Wardes—a love quadrangle that connects the Musketeers to the cardinal’s men, and the noble Musketeers to their lower-class aspirant. Milady works directly for the cardinal, who heads the Catholic Church in France, but has a history of stealing from churches—an activity that connects her to the Protestant Huguenots, who strenuously objected to Catholic opulence. She is highborn enough to have married Lord de Winter’s brother—a man with land and title—but her fleur-de-lis brand is a marker of her association with the criminal underclass. Finally, she is a foil to the novel’s other main female character, Constance. Despite them being on opposite sides, the similarities between the two women are actually quite striking: Each is cunning, brave, resourceful, and sexually alluring; each performs espionage-adjacent work for a key head of state; each has had a catastrophically failed marriage, in which her husband has tried to do her harm (Athos by acting as Milady’s would-be executioner, and Bonacieux by abetting in Constance’s kidnapping). Milady is no doubt villainous, but her proximity to Constance complicates the novel’s morality.
Like Milady, Cardinal Richelieu is a multi-layered antagonist. Readers are meant to dislike him because he works secretly against Queen Anne. But in fairness, the cardinal isn’t wrong: The queen really is having an affair with a powerful English leader and has asked her family in Austria to invade France—actions that are treasonous and that threaten the stability and sovereignty of France. While the Musketeers follow a quasi-medieval code that idealizes the monarchy despite the actual king’s ineffectual rule, Cardinal Richelieu is a much more modern ruler: A more self-made, bureaucratically skillful politician who understands the lever of power around him. By opposing the Musketeers, the cardinal opposes the forces of tradition, inherited rather than merit-earned position, and classicism—a surprisingly understandable and sympathetic perspective.
The novel’s historical referent in this section is the Battle of La Rochelle, a real event that took place in 1627-1628. La Rochelle’s coastal location and its large seaport have made it extremely important in many European conflicts throughout the centuries. During the Hundred Years’ War of 1337-1453, control of La Rochelle passed hands many times. In the 17th century, it developed into a Protestant stronghold, becoming a safe haven for Huguenots escaping massacres at the hands of the French Catholics. England offered La Rochelle military and financial support until Cardinal Richelieu besieged the city, starving it into submission and back into French control. In the novel, La Rochelle symbolizes international conflict between England and France, and internal conflict within France between Protestants and Catholics. Reclaiming La Rochelle is a major victory, boosting the cardinal’s power and influence, as well as the standing of the King. The Cardinal is very pragmatic and ruthless, but his success helps France.
The Three Musketeers often mixes tones, diluting its moments of high drama and pathos with absurdist slapstick. For example, while this section features the emotionally fraught encounter between Athos and Milady, and the Battle of La Rochelle, it ends with Athos making a bet that he can eat breakfast at the La Rochelle Bastion—currently under attack by both sides—without being killed. His plan, which recalls Rudolf Erich Raspe’s famous tall tales about Baron Munchausen (1785)—is to steal uniforms off dead English soldiers and eat in disguise to be safe from English bullets. This bet is Athos’s illogical and unnecessary solution to the problem of needing privacy for a conversation with his friends. Rather than find an out of the way spot, the Musketeers jump to extremes of machismo, their unquenchable thirst for adventure and gallantry often creating a comic effect that dispels some of the heaviness of the novel’s more serious episodes.
By Alexandre Dumas
9th-12th Grade Historical Fiction
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