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50 pages 1 hour read

Dave Ramsey

The Total Money Makeover: A Proven Plan for Financial Fitness

Nonfiction | Book | Adult | Published in 1994

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Literary Devices

Anecdote

Anecdotes are amusing or interesting short stories frequently used in a narrative framework to demonstrate a point or make readers ponder an idea. The Total Money Makeover is filled with anecdotes of people who have used Dave Ramsey’s steps to achieve financial success. Ramsey also provides anecdotes from his own life.

Ramsey’s anecdotes position him as the author-protagonist of a hero’s journey from despair to wealth. He gives the account of how he went bankrupt after struggling up from humble beginnings and making millions of dollars in real estate. He repeatedly talks about how going broke forced him to sell his precious Jaguar, a moment that highlights the necessity of “making a decision about looking good versus being good” (33). He adds as a “footnote” (88) that once he let go of the need for a fancy car, God allowed him to have a Jaguar again. He illustrates his biblical gazelle metaphor about debt with a story of watching a cheetah chase a gazelle on television. Talking specifically to men, he emphasizes that having adequate emergency funds will bring the women in their lives peace of mind; he also discusses how his own bad financial decisions left his wife, Sharon, feeling helpless and scared at their lowest point. He describes how Heaven, his Chinese pug, gives people a funny look, comparing this to the look people give him when he talks about paying off mortgages (186).

Other stories derive from his readers’ and listeners’ experiences; one man, named Chris, made it through the 2008 Great Recession despite being laid off to demonstrate the importance of having no debt. He tells the story of a couple who discovered the hard way they were near financial disaster to convey the danger of denial. He tells three stories about men who cosigned on loans and were left with “broken hearts and broken wallets” (28). He stresses the importance of insurance with Steve’s story—his insurance paid $100,000 in medical bills for brain cancer (72). These are only a few of the many examples he provides of ordinary people succeeding at using his methods.

The anecdotes of The Total Money Makeover are included for diverse purposes—sometimes they encourage, sometimes they warn, sometimes they illustrate or exemplify an idea. Anecdotes are Ramsey’s preferred evidence to support his claims, demonstrating his effort to abstain from “intricate academic theories” (5) and abstract math so that his book is accessible and convincing to ordinary readers. His preference for anecdotes also indicates his belief that stories have a greater emotional and rhetorical impact than formulas: “the math does need to work, but sometimes motivation is more important than math” (114).

Humor

Humor, particularly in literature, is a comic or amusing point of view meant to elicit enjoyment. Humor in literature may be achieved with a variety of techniques, including irony, sarcasm, metaphor, diction, tone, rhythm, and wordplay. In his discussion of the 2008 Great Recession, Ramsey reports, “In a shocking turn of events, the broke people didn’t pay their mortgage payments […]. This, for some unknown reason, seemed to surprise the greedy bankers. Surprise!” (xx). This is an example of sarcasm, in which his sentiment is the opposite of his words’ literal meaning. He adds levity to his description of financial woe with the observation that, “All the money came in, all the money went out, and only the names were changed to protect the innocent. I owe, I owe, so off to work I go” (2). Here, he mimics the song of the Seven Dwarfs in the fairy tale “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” who sing “hi-ho, hi-ho,” as they go off to work. He deploys a metaphor to illustrate the immaturity of those who deny their financial problems: “When it comes to money, we can be like the toddler in a soiled diaper. ‘I know it smells bad, but it’s warm and it’s mine’” (15). Scatological or “potty” humor is often associated with children and emphasizes the lack of logic that people exhibit who deny their financial problems. He makes many more jokes and humorous observations that range from silly to cynical to emphasize his main argument.

Humor has two important functions in The Total Money Makeover. First, it is intended to keep readers entertained and engaged. Ramsey expects that financial anxiety will compel readers to attend to his words, but humor is an additional strategy to mitigate the dullness of discussing personal finance and compensate for the emotional aversion he assumes his readers have to reading a book that tells them they’re in deep trouble and need to make extreme, uncomfortable life changes. Though Ramsey initially intensifies readers’ anxiety, he ultimately intends to inspire hope, and the levity and confidence of humor assist that emotional transition. Second, Ramsey’s humor softens his direct and at times pretentious or condescending tone. Ramsey isn’t afraid to say what he thinks, even if it offends, and he expects his readers to admit that concerning finance, they know less than he does. Ramsey knows that nobody likes being put down by “arrogant snobs” (xiv), so he tries to represent himself as friendly, honest, and humble while staying true to his forceful persona.

Metaphor

A metaphor is a comparison between two different things that implies an underlying similarity. Ramsey uses metaphors repeatedly throughout The Total Money Makeover to express a variety of ideas in creative ways. For example, in Chapter 1, he compares the temporary but extraordinary sacrifices required to succeed at a Total Money Makeover to walking over hot coals—painful, but over soon. He also illustrates the financial complacency of most people with the frightening image of an oblivious frog slowly boiling alive. In Chapter 3, he compares giving teenagers credit cards to letting them sleep with a loaded gun—emphasizing with an alarming image that this is a bad idea. In Chapter 5, he describes the many myths he refutes as an obstacle course and the Total Money Makeover as a mountain climb. These are only a few of the many examples of metaphors Ramsey uses throughout The Total Money Makeover.

Ramsey uses so many metaphors for several reasons. First, the metaphors represent abstract concepts in words, images, and scenes familiar to ordinary people, the book’s intended audience. This is exemplified in the Debt Snowball metaphor. Second, because the metaphors are simple yet also vivid and creative, they are memorable, ensuring readers retain the truths they convey. The gazelle metaphor exemplifies this function well. Third and arguably most important, the metaphors have powerful emotional impact, motivating or deterring readers as required. If giving teenagers credit cards is indeed as dangerous for them as letting them sleep with a loaded gun, then no parent would even think of putting their child in such a dangerous situation. Ramsey’s lengthy account of the child on the bike experiencing the thrill of coasting downhill after the hard ascent also exemplifies this use of metaphor, and Ramsey even admits he aimed for emotional resonance: “It is hard to describe reaching the ‘Pinnacle Point’ without some emotion” (211).

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