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51 pages 1 hour read

Lauren Groff

The Vaster Wilds

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Chapters 1-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: The following Chapter Summaries & Analyses contain references to sexual abuse and rape, misogynistic violence, extreme classism, suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, racism, and the death of children, which feature in the source text. This section of the guide also discusses developmental disabilities, which are described in the novel using outdated and offensive language, and the violent nature of colonialism and imperialism.

A teenage girl slips through the wooden palisade that separates the European settlement from the wildness of the North American landscape. Starving and desperate, she runs through the blighted crop fields and into the forest. A servant for a wealthy family, the girl witnessed the death of the family’s grown son the night before. In a desperate bid for freedom, she stole his boots and her mistress’s cloak in order to make her escape. A critical voice in her head denounces her choices, but she forces her tired, starving body onward nonetheless, drawing upon her faith in God and worrying about her ability to survive in the wild.

As her memories press in and her own thoughts torment her, she must decide between heading north to the French settlements or going south to the Spanish settlements. She chooses to go north because she knows a little bit of French but does not speak Spanish. The voice in her head calls her a fool for feeling relief at the fact that no Europeans have been where she is right now. She weighs her fear of the unknown Indigenous people of the area against her firsthand knowledge of the “bad men” in the fort and continues on alone into the darkness and snow.

Chapter 2 Summary

The girl continues running until her body moves beyond exhaustion to a state of exhilaration. She sees more visions, mistaking a root for a horse and trees for chimneys, and is briefly comforted by the idea of home before the visions vanish. She arrives at a river and is comforted to realize how unlikely it is that anyone from the fort has followed her. As the sun rises, she takes shelter in a crevasse between some boulders and tallies her supplies. She has a hatchet, two blankets, a knife, a pewter cup, and some flint. There was no food for her to bring.

Once she is warm enough, she ventures out from her crevasse to get some pine boughs and bring them back into the hole. Trying desperately to spark the flint and light the boughs, she prays to God to help her but is initially unsuccessful. Finally, the boughs catch the spark. She covers her hole with one of her blankets and wraps herself in the other, then realizes that she is warm for the first time in months. The firewood at the fort ran out months ago, and the wood that came from tearing down the houses was reserved for the gentlefolk, not for servants like her. She falls into a sleep so deep that she would not awaken even if she were to be discovered by a beast or the soldier that was dispatched to follow her.

Chapter 3 Summary

As the girl sleeps, members of a local Indigenous community collect water from the frozen river by cutting a hole in the ice. In comparison to the girl and the desperate conditions of the colonists in the fort, they are dressed warmly, comfortably, and cleanly, for they are knowledgeable about the best ways to use their environment and thrive within it. The girl sleeps on, smelling their food in her dreams. Despite the warmth, she has night terrors that have troubled her throughout her life. Upon waking, she is disconcerted and struggles to adapt to thinking only of herself, as her first instinct is still to look after Bess, the daughter of her mistress, who has since died.

Now, she worries that she is being followed and laments the uncaring nature of the world. She exits her hideout and debates whether to follow the river or to attempt to cross it even though the ice is melting. As she drinks from a hole in the ice, she finds a frozen fish and thanks God for the gift. Too weak to carry the fish after using her hatchet to pry it from the ice, she kicks it to her crevasse and eats it. The last time she ate was four days earlier, when she snuck out of the fort to find edible roots, cooking them in a stolen kettle to feed the dying Bess. Despite her efforts, Bess would not eat. The mistress and the minister to whom the girl was in service attempted to take Bess’s bowl for themselves, but the girl drank it in anger. Unwilling to loudly punish her and advertise the fact that they had access to hot food, the minister instead punched the girl to punish her for eating it. Now, the girl eats the fish slowly, attempting to reintroduce her body to food.

Chapter 4 Summary

The girl has eaten half the fish when it thaws and begins to move. Horrified to realize that she has been eating it alive, she beats the fish to death and continues to eat, consuming all but the bones. Though the food makes her ill as her body reawakens, she knows she has staved off starvation for the time being. Heartened by the miracle of finding the fish, she decides to attempt a river crossing. She waits until night but is eager to leave, feeling that she is being followed. She is comforted by the idea of death by drowning, which she sees as a more pleasant and poetic death, and she is also comforted by the thought of joining Bess if she should die.

The girl sets out onto the river and breaks into a run as the ice begins to crack. Reaching the other side safely, she delights in being alive. The ice breaks apart entirely as she moves on through the forest. She passes near to an Indigenous village but avoids it. Meanwhile, a man with a reputation for being merciless is sent from the fort to “hunt down the murderess servant who had run away” (43). He arrives at the river and sees that the ice is not safe to cross. He thinks of how he had wanted to corner the girl alone in the fort and regrets that he will not be able to pursue her further. He had dreamed of strangling her to death, just as he once did to a sex worker in London. He also laments the lack of opportunity for private interpersonal violence in the colony, and he sees the raids conducted against the Indigenous people as a godly duty. He attempts to return to the fort, but he is discovered and killed by members of a Powhatan village that he had previously raided.

The girl continues on, relieved that the river is between her and the men of the fort. She fears encountering the Powhatan people. In the fall, the colony had a tenuous peace with them, and a Powhatan princess came to the fort with gifts of food. The girl recalls watching the well-fed Indigenous visitors curiously, but she did not approach them. As winter came, the colonists’ stories of the Powhatan people became dark and fearful; they were afraid of the Powhatan people’s vastly superior ability to survive. Thinking on these stories now, she remembers the tale of a soldier from the fort who raped one of the girls from the Powhatan village. The settlers said he was kidnapped by Powhatan women and flayed alive. The girl feels sympathy for the Powhatan girl who was raped, for she has also experienced sexual violence. She thinks about the brutal punishments for criminals that she witnessed in London. She also recalls the women and children who vanished from the fort; the men said they were stolen by members of the Powhatan village, but the girl suspects that they left to protect their children. She knows that some of the men besieging the fort were Englishmen themselves; they had fled the fort and joined the Powhatans as the situation became more dire.

Chapter 5 Summary

The girl continues on through the night, feeling happy in her solitude despite her remaining fears. She comes across a pair of antlers locked together: evidence of a mutually deadly fight between two stags. A mist settles upon the forest, making everything damp and cold. The girl finds it too dangerous to continue and stops to rest. She tries to light a fire, but the tinder is too damp to catch. Unable to rest due to the cold, she resolves to collect any dry tinder she sees and waits for the mist to lift. She thinks about the journey on the ship from England. Unlike the others, she was not seasick, and her mistress claimed that she might have some seafaring blood in her. The girl had been abandoned at the poorhouse as a newborn and was taken into her mistress’s house as a four-year-old girl. Her mistress was convinced that the girl’s mother could only be a sex worker, and she also believed that the girl has a foreign heritage due to her darker complexion. The girl liked the new idea that her father could have been a sailor.

During the journey, she eventually attracted the attention of a young Dutch sailor. They had sex, which pleased and empowered the girl. This surprised her, for her previous sexual experiences had been violent and terrifying. Glorying in her newfound joy with the Dutch sailor helped to alleviate her hatred for the minister, her mistress’s new husband. The sailor shared an orange with her, and she dreamed of a life with him in the new land they were traveling to. A three-day storm hit the ship, and the girl tied herself to Bess and clung to the netting, protecting them both. After the storm, the girl discovers that her sailor was swept overboard while looking for her. The whole company mourns and despairs further upon arriving to find a starving settlement instead of a thriving one. The girl is consumed by the loss of her sailor and the life they might have built together. Now, these memories fall away, and the girl remains on the ground in the misty forest.

Chapters 1-5 Analysis

As the girl flees the horrors of the fort and risks Entering the Unknown, the author navigates the challenges of a single-character story by using flashbacks, dreams, and visions to deliver the necessary exposition about the girl’s current situation and recent hardships. This stylistic device also adds variety to the survival-focused narrative as the girl travels deep into the wilderness, consumed by fear, loneliness, and her own deadly ignorance of her surroundings. The first chapter in particular emphasizes the desperation of her situation, for by running away from the fort, she is not only risking her life, but she is also forsaking “everything she had, her roof, her home, her country, her language, [and] the only family she had ever known” (10). Likewise, the narrative mitigates the girl’s solitude by using memories to impose the hint of additional characters even though the girl remains alone throughout her travels. Perhaps the most important such character is Bess, the young girl with a developmental disability whom the protagonist was once tasked with nurturing and protecting. Thus, comforted only by her memories and faced with the arduous task of surviving an impossible journey, the girl makes the brave choice to enter the unknown landscape beyond the fort, and the sheer desperation of this decision implies that what she is fleeing must be far worse than the wilderness she faces.

From the very beginning, the narrative creates a sense of mystery and suspense that highlights both the girl’s current predicament and the unexplained terrors that she is trying to escape. Her journey is dogged by fear, which transforms trees into monsters and infects her dreams, haunting her every step. Her intense fear of being followed implies the level of depravity in the colony, as does her conviction that the unknown terrors in the forest are preferable to life within the fort. These descriptions of the girl’s fears also provide a stark view of the ignorance underlying common colonial fears, for in the girl’s mind, every shadow and tree she encounters is threatened by the idea of monsters. Even though the settlers are dying in droves within the fort, they are forbidden from leaving for fear of the Indigenous people who inhabit the land: a fear cultivated by the stories that the colonists tell each other as they remain huddled within the failing settlement. Yet underlying their fear is the harsh reality that the instances of violence from the Powhatan people are motivated by the violent acts of the settlers themselves, who often treated the Powhatan people with cruelty. As the doomed soldier believes, such violence is viewed as “a godly duty” (45) that allows the colonists to keep their weak hold on the land.

As the narrative demonstrates, colonial attempts to dominate the surroundings lead the settlers to vilify those who live beyond the boundaries of their meager control, and thus, the colonists’ fearful stories of the Powhatan people reflect the theme of the Inevitable Violence of Colonialism. With the exception of the girl herself, all of the settlers are characterized by an inherent violence, such as the abusive soldier who attempts to retrieve the girl and the minister who recently struck her for the crime of eating hot food that he wanted for himself. Even the stories that the settlers tell are centered around violence, and as the soldier’s belief in his “godly duty” to terrorize the Powhatan people proves, the colonists rationalize their own violence as being a somehow good and necessary thing. The girl is rightfully afraid of the violence that the men of the fort will inflict upon her should they catch her, for even as the colony is in the grip of death, the system is so reliant upon the use of violence to enforce power that they cannot cease their infighting.

Having suffered a lifetime of dehumanizing treatment, the newly freed girl must struggle to redefine her identity on her own terms. As a servant, she has always been placed on the lowest level of colonial society, for she was entirely dependent upon her mistress and her mistress’s husband for her food and shelter. Thus, in order to survive the hardships and abuses of her experiences within the fort and back in London, she has been forced to adopt The Negation of Self, and now that these particular stressors are absent, she no longer knows how to live her own life in an environment that does not force her to obey orders and put her charge’s welfare before her own. Still, even as she struggles to meet her own needs and understand her own desires, her perseverance, intelligence, and determination allow her to push forward despite the difficulties she faces. Her departure from the fort thus divides her life into two parts—the girl she was before leaving the fort and the girl she is becoming on her travels. Because her personal development has been stunted for so long, she must rapidly develop both her skills and her psychological fortitude to adapt to her new circumstances and deal with the aftereffects of her prior subjugation.

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