50 pages • 1 hour read
John LanchesterA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Joseph, Hifa, and Hughes are put out to sea on a life raft with several weeks of food and water. Joseph is moved when the Defenders who exile them salute them. Their boat includes some surprise passengers—James, put out to sea for not having uncovered the plot, and the Captain. James seems unhinged by his punishment. He suggests to the others that they kill the Captain. Hifa has severe seasickness, so Hughes and Joseph do most of the rowing. At night, they see lights that may be Others, pirates who prey on Others, or Guards who will kill everyone now that the former Defenders are Others. They row away from the lights. Joseph feels overwhelming despair and terror. This is what kuishia or “the ending” feels like. Holding on to Hifa and working with Hughes to keep the boat moving are the only things that save him from despondency.
By the fourth day, Hifa is better, and they’ve settled into a routine of rowing in turns. The Captain explains he was part of the long-term plan in which seven Others infiltrated the Defenders. After 10 years, he was the only survivor, and it took that long for him to get into a position of authority to activate the plan. He tells his companions that there are many people inside of the Wall who supported the plan, which is why it was successful this time.
The angry ex-Defenders ask him if he is not sorry for getting them put out to sea. The Captain tells them that they should be sorry and that outside of the United Kingdom, the world sees them as selfish hypocrites. The other members of the group decide not to kill the Captain because he tells them he might know of a place much farther south where they might be safe. They need him to show them the way.
The group eventually discovers a small island where a floating of lashed together rafts and boats hides on the island’s sheltered side. When the members of the floating welcome them, James pulls Joseph aside and shows him he has a hand grenade just in case there is trouble. James spends most of his time complaining about the unfairness of his punishment. He annoys the others, and Joseph begins to suspect James is psychologically unstable.
Kellan and Mara head the floating community, and they welcome the ex-Defenders after a vote by the community. Kellan leads differently than the Captain did. He is a warmer person and listens when people talk to him. The Captain keeps quiet and accepts the role of fishing net mender. Hifa excels at trapping gulls, and that becomes her job. Joseph and Hughes are the two strongest swimmers, so Kellan sets them to work gathering seaweed and scallops to augment their spartan diet of sea gulls and whatever seaweed floats their way.
The floating has no fuel, and their only water comes from captured rain. Their existence is precarious because it is getting cold, and the sheer cliffs that form the perimeter of the island are impossible to climb. The cold and hard work aren’t so different from life on the Wall, but here, helping members of this small, struggling community, Joseph feels a sense of connection and purpose. For the first time, he learns to live in the present moment. He fears telling his new community that he and the others in the raft were former Defenders. In one of the rare conversations between the Captain and Joseph, the Captain reveals that he told Kellan from the first who they were because he was done telling lies. Kellan welcomed them anyway.
Weather in the North Atlantic is violent due to climate change. When the first major storm bears down on them, Joseph despairs because he doesn’t believe the community that he now sees as home can survive. However, they do survive the storm. Just as the storm ends, the big ship the former Defenders avoided after being put out to sea arrives at the island. It is a pirate ship.
The pirates kidnap three teenage girls and take all the food and water. They kill Kellan, the Captain, and Mara when the trio tries to defend the community. The pirates wound Hughes. James attacks the ship by throwing the grenade at it, but the grenade sets the floating on fire as well. Desperate to escape the fire, Joseph and Hifa cut their boat loose from the floating, leaving Hughes and the others behind. Joseph and Hifa cannot get purchase on the cliffs, so they float out to sea. Fortunately for them, the pirates missed a cache of food and water hidden in the raft of the ex-offenders Joseph and the others had opted not to share the cache with the floating.
The raft floats farther south. Hifa and Joseph take turns rowing, and they pass time having sex and holding each other. They have enough water and food to last for just a few weeks. They eventually encounter a gas or oil installation in the open sea. Initially, they can’t find a way onto the rig, but someone inside releases a retractable ladder to let them climb up.
Their rescuer, a silent, half-clothed man they dub “the hermit,” slowly lets them deeper into the quarters where he stays. He mostly ignores them. He spends all day moving pieces of paper around inside of a shallow box. The installation has a large supply of oil and gas, enough to run the kitchen, lights, and heat for a long time. Hifa and Joseph are giddy with relief. Joseph is grateful for their luck. He never expected that he would ever again live in a place where heat and light existed on demand. He and Hifa assemble a living space, feeling all the time as if they are “children playing house” (241).
Hifa and Joseph left the supplies they brought with them down in the raft, which they tied to the base of the installation. They are afraid to leave because the hermit may lock them out. The hermit continues to be silent, but he finally tells them his story using the bits of paper to represent himself and all the boats that have gone past the installation. He was afraid to lower the ladder for other boats because the number of passengers on the boat would have exhausted the supplies quickly. He let Hifa and Joseph come up because there were only two of them.
Joseph and Hifa bring the remainder of their supplies up from the boat, but the long climb nearly kills an exhausted Joseph. That night, Hifa demands another story. Joseph wants to tell her a good one, one with a happy ending. The only one he can think of is his own. He starts the story, which begins with the first line of The Wall—“It’s cold on the wall.”
Lanchester brings the story of Joseph’s life on and beyond the Wall full circle. Life outside the Wall is just as dangerous as Joseph thought it would be, but Joseph also encounters unexpected kindness while out at sea. On the island and via the hermit, we see The Importance of Community.
Joseph lands in a series of improvised communities that save his life. The first is one he does not choose, made up of his fellow exiles from the Wall. The mix of people in the boat—a disgraced politician, a traitor, a woman, and two other men—shows that being exposed at sea is a leveling force that strips distinctions. Joseph has a difficult time accepting life at sea, as all the constraints and hierarchies to which he is accustomed have disappeared. His despair comes out of an existential crisis. Faced with the loss of his identity within the Wall, he doesn’t know who he is or how he can survive. He does survive, though; being out at sea brings clarity to his role, which is to row and watch out for pirates. The same kind of clarity occurs once the exiles join the floating community.
The values of the floating community contrast starkly with the values of life on the Wall. Life on the Wall seems safe, and people seem to have all they need to exist comfortably within, but the cost is alienation on all levels of society and exploitation of others. The floating community is by no means a utopia—as its demise shows—but it does pose an alternative to the United Kingdom’s response to scarcity. It is a rough democracy that prioritizes the needs of the many over the needs of the few. Rather than excluding, the floating community welcomes people based on a simple vote, and people are free to leave when they want to. The hierarchy in the floating community is relatively flat and based on interpersonal and technical skills. Kellan leads because people trust him and he knows how to survive, while Mara manages trapping because she is better at it than other people. Hifa and Joseph quickly find a place in the community because of their skills. Their contributions to the community’s collective knowledge has an immediate impact on its ability to survive.
Joseph finds his new reality bracing and clarifying. Being put out to sea forces him to change. Reflecting on his life in the community, he remarks that “[y]ou had to take the good moments where you found them” (202). It is best to live “in the present tense” (202). He is nothing like his parents, who are stuck in the past, and nothing like his old self, who constantly dreamed about life as an elite.
The Wall is a dystopian novel, and the destruction of the floating community drives home that point. The community is able to survive the violent storms resulting from climate change, but it cannot survive the pirates who, like the United Kingdom, lives by hoarding resources. The pirates even trump the United Kingdom by stealing resources. The community is undone because it lacks defenses against such selfishness, but also because of James. James represents the elites inside the Wall, and he carries those values with him when setting fire to the island with a grenade. Hifa and Joseph survive because they abandon the community to escape the fire, and because they hoarded resources—the stash on board their lifeboat. The lesson of this is that both altruism and self-interest have limits when it comes to creating a society that can survive during times of scarcity and crisis.
The end of the novel doesn’t answer the question of how to balance altruism and self-interest to ensure survival. The hermit makes strategic decisions about how to share his resources, though his reasoning for allowing Hifa and Joseph to enter the installation isn’t simply a matter of calculating how long his resources can last. His welcoming of them shows that a person can have material abundance but still not survive because of the psychological toll of being without community.
The end of the novel should be a happy one—Joseph wins the struggle between himself “and the ladder, alone in the universe” (246), and the two lovers end the narrative surrounded by all the fossil fuels and material goods they will need to survive. However, Lanchester relies on metanarrative—narrative that calls attention to itself as an act of storytelling—to make The Wall something other than a fairytale about the power of human resilience and love. Rather than supply a happy ending that will provide closure, Lanchester makes the narrative circular by having the story Joseph tells Hifa be the one we are reading. Joseph still believes a story is “something where everything turns out all right” (253). He amends that to be “something someone wants to hear” (253).
The happy ending in this novel requires the reader to stay in the present just like Hifa and Joseph, and to ignore that there are finite natural resources and powerful people who are willing to do anything to exercise control over these resources. At some point, the supplies in the installation will run out, or maybe more agile pirates will come along. This ending forces the reader to consider that there is no happy ending when it comes to stories about climate change.