83 pages • 2 hours read
Haruki Murakami, Transl. Jay RubinA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The months go by. Kumiko’s family persistently contacts Toru about the divorce. He ignores all their messages until finally Kumiko’s father calls him. Toru finds it odd that Kumiko would use her family as her intermediary, given how fraught and resentful her relationship with them has been in the past. Toru wants to see Kumiko in person and discuss the divorce, but her father insists that she won’t see him. In October, Noboru’s uncle, Niigata’s representative to the Lower House, passes away, assuring a swift climb to political power for Noboru.
Meanwhile, Toru’s facial mark never goes away, and he gets used to it. But he cannot get accustomed to his loneliness. The Kano sisters disappeared, as had May Kasahara and, of course, Kumiko. In a fit of loneliness, Toru writes Mamiya a letter describing the course of his life since he met Mamiya in his home. Mamiya writes back that he has been thinking about Toru often; perhaps, he wonders, the empty box Mr. Honda left for Toru was simply a means to ensure that Mamiya and Toru’s paths would cross. Mamiya says that he, too, is strongly attracted to wells, despite the trauma of his first experience with the well in Outer Mongolia. He wishes Toru well but cannot visit him due to an issue with his leg.
Toru often visits the Miyawaki house, which had been demolished, looking for May who is no longer home. One day in February, he visits his uncle’s real estate office. Mr. Ichikawa sold Toru’s house to his uncle, so Toru seeks him out and asks him about the Miyawaki residence. Ichikawa tells Toru that someone bought the property for the land value and demolished the house because they knew no one would ever buy that house again. The well that had once been dry had been filled in. Ichikawa is certain that the price of the lot will continue to fall as it is difficult to sell vacant land to anybody. Toru tells him that he is interested in buying the lot. Ichikawa reminds Toru that nothing good happens to the people who have bought the property and lived there. Toru insists and asks Ichikawa to keep him informed about business on the lot until he can come up with the money to buy it.
Certain that he needs that well, Toru resolves to buy the land.
Toru needs a miracle to come up with the money to buy the land. Tired of being in his home, he wanders out into the city for the first time in months. Toru practices watching people in the street until, slowly, colors start to become vivid again.
On the eighth day of his people-watching routine, a woman who had stopped and chatted with Toru during his first stakeout the previous summer sits to talk with him. The first time they met, she had asked Toru if he needed money. On this eighth day, Toru tells her that he finally does need money: eight million yen. The woman gives Toru a card and tells him to go to the address on it the next afternoon.
One night, a boy wakes up to the sound of distinct chirping. He searches the trees outside his window for the mysterious bird that sounds like it’s winding up the world. The boy loves to learn new things but can’t find the mysterious bird. When the bird finally sings again on another night, the boy opens the curtains only a bit so as to not scare off the wind-up bird.
The boy spots two men in dark clothing in the garden—one with a hat, one without a hat. The wind-up bird sings again, and the shorter of the two men, who looks like the boy’s father, scales the pine tree. The tall man leaves and reappears with a shovel and a large cloth bag. He begins to dig at the roots of the pine tree. When he is satisfied with the hole he has dug, he takes a cat-sized object from the bag and places it in the hole. The wind-up bird sings once more. The tall man on the ground fills in his hole and leaves. The wind-up bird never sings again. The boy tries to stay awake to find out what happens to the shorter man in the pine tree, but sleep overtakes him.
Toru finds the woman’s office: the Akasaka Fashion Design. A young, impeccably dressed man lets Toru in. While they wait, the young man doesn’t speak, not even when he answers the phone. Before long, he mouths to Toru to follow him. In another room, the man takes out swim goggles and instructs Toru to put them on. Toru can tell that the man isn’t actually speaking, yet he can understand him completely. The man puts the goggles on Toru’s face, and Toru’s vision is blacked out. The man signals to Toru that he’ll be okay, then leaves the room.
Toru senses a woman come into the room. She leans near him and licks the mark on his face, giving Toru an erection. Toru tries to separate his mind from his body. He can feel two realities at once: his presence sitting on the sofa, and a displacement from his body. The woman leaves and the young man once again enters. He removes Toru’s goggles and brings him to the bathroom, where he is given soap for a shower. At first confused, Toru realizes that he had ejaculated into his pants. After his shower, the young man gives him a white envelope and Toru leaves.
On his way to the train station, Toru stops for a beer. He opens the white envelope and finds 200,000 yen in crisp bills. He stops at a shoe store to buy a new pair of sneakers. At home, Toru sits alone and wishes he had someone to talk to.
Toru thinks about how he essentially sold his flesh for money, like Creta Kano. Although he hadn’t had sex with anyone, he had gone to a location, allowed somebody to touch him, and walked away with a large sum of money. Toru has a premonition of change up ahead. Sure enough, when he comes home from grocery shopping, his missing cat greets him at the door.
May Kasahara writes Toru a letter. She reports that she left home for a boarding school but dropped out after a semester. Now May is in a different place. Although she doesn’t define it as such, her descriptions of the place make it sound like a psychiatric institution. She misses Toru and has often wanted to visit him. She often made herself worry that Toru would rape her, though she knew it’s not something Toru would do. She worries she’s not ready for a boyfriend.
The cat doesn’t look like he’s been out in the wild for a year, but he eats ravenously. Toru renames the cat Mackerel. He is happy to have the cat, a living, warm being, close to him.
The next day, Toru goes back to his usual people-watching bench. The woman who sent him to the office the day before shows up. He follows her into a cab and they stop at a boutique, where she buys Toru expensive suits. She brings him to a luxury shoe store and buys him shoes, then to a watch store and buys him a nice watch. She brings him to a barber, where he gets his hair cut for the first time in a while. She and Toru go to an Italian restaurant for dinner, where she tells him that she will pay for his cleaning moving forward. He asks her why she is giving him so much. She doesn’t respond. Toru asks if the young man in the office the day before is her son. She confirms but doesn’t tell Toru why her son can’t speak. She tells Toru that she likes when people wear the right thing, because that at least can be controlled.
Toru asks for her name, but she is puzzled why he would need her name. He tells her he needs something to call her by, so she tells him to call her Nutmeg Akasaka. He asks about her son, and she tells him to call her son Cinnamon Akasaka.
A magazine reports that the “hanging house” has been bought by a mysterious company, possibly the Akasaka company, on behalf of a Mr. X. The report details the house’s tragic past and questions what Mr. X will do with it. A huge wall with a security camera has been built around the house, and a landscaper has been called in to dig out a well.
Toru descends into the newly built well. He embraces the total darkness and thinks about the people back up on Earth, living in light. He meditates until he is back in Room 208, where he tries to listen to what the mysterious woman in the dark has to say. He knows she holds the key to something, and he waits patiently. But each time he enters the room and senses the woman, knocks on the door interrupt the meditation and take him away from the dream.
Nutmeg Akasaka tells the story of her boat journey as a child in 1945, when Japan was at war. The Americans were winning the war, Okinawa had fallen, and she was escaping Manchukuo. When a submarine stopped the boat for inspection, Nutmeg’s consciousness drifted to another dire situation. She envisioned Japanese soldiers moving through a zoo in Manchukuo and shooting animals ahead of the Soviet takeover.
The Japanese soldiers were supposed to kill the animals with poison to save bullets, but the poison never arrived. The zoo was running out of food, and predatory animals would soon turn their hunger on humans. After shooting the tigers, a young soldier is sent into the pen to make sure the tigers are dead. Astounded by the sight of real tigers, the young man is traumatized by what he sees. He hears the chirping of a bird unlike any he has heard before coming from the top of an elm tree. The chirp sounded like a winding spring.
When she finishes her story, Nutmeg reflects that the memory feels too vivid to be real, though she is certain it must be. Her father had been a vet in Manchuria and stayed behind when the war got bad. She never heard of him again and is sure he must have died there. Nutmeg and Toru meet regularly for dinner, where they speak openly about their lives. Toru explains his situation with Kumiko, and Nutmeg compares it to The Magic Flute, an opera in which a princess needs to be saved from a mysterious place.
Nutmeg’s story of the zoo massacre ends with the Chinese taking over operations of the killing in exchange for the meats, which will be valuable in rationed war time. The veterinarian of the zoo leaves the carcasses with the Chinese and ponders the meaning of life under a tree, realizing that free will makes no difference in the grand scheme of things.
Back on that transport ship, Nutmeg slept deeply as the American navy prepares to sink the ship. But a mysterious energy shifted, and the US submarine disappeared without a shot fired. Later, the passengers realized that the Americans must have gotten a direct order not to fire unless provoked, for a Japanese surrender was imminent. Her memories of this day were from her mother’s recollections.
May writes Toru another letter, revealing that she is working in a wig factory. She enjoys the manual labor but feels disconnected from the other girls, who are working at the factory until they get married and start a new life.
The little boy believes he is in a dream. He digs up the hole the tall man created in the ground. The boy finds a beating human heart in the hole. Curiously, the heart beats at the same rhythm as the boy’s heart, as though they are one and the same. The boy refills the hole, burying the heart. He goes back to his room and is frustrated to find someone sleeping in his bed. When he pushes back the covers, he sees himself, sound asleep. He tries to wake himself up, but his sleeping self won’t budge. The little boy pushes himself aside as much as he can and goes to sleep next to his sleeping self. When he wakes up in the morning, there is only one little boy in the bed. Everything appears normal, except for small details and senses. The boy knows this is not the same bedroom he went to sleep in. He is unable to call for his mother.
A magazine article reports that an actress named “M” went into a depression after falling out with her husband. The depression was so deep, insiders were certain her illustrious film career would be over. M contacted a psychic who was recommended by a friend of a famous former politician. The psychic successfully got M off antidepressants, but M’s symptoms flared back again. When she called the psychic, M was informed that the psychic was no longer practicing spiritual care because she lost her powers. But the psychic introduced M to another person, swearing M to secrecy. This person was a man with a mark on his face, who finally cured her of her depression. M got better but never told anybody what the treatments were.
Toru takes a break from the well to go home and rest. There is a strange man, repellently ugly, sitting on his sofa. The man introduces himself as Ushikawa. He tells Toru that he let himself in using Kumiko’s keys. Ushikawa works as a private secretary for Noboru and has been taking care of Kumiko’s errands, since she is not able to go outside. He compliments Toru on keeping a clean household and admits that he was terrible at domestic duties. He beat his wife and alienated his frightened children. His wife finally left him when Ushikawa broke his daughter’s arm in a rage.
Ushikawa informs Toru that Noboru sent him with two messages. The first is that Noboru won’t stand in the way if Kumiko and Toru decide to get back together. The second is that Noboru suspects that Toru is connected to “The Hanging House” and he is worried that Toru will bring some dishonor to the family if he is connected with this property. If Toru gives up the house, Noboru would consider setting up a meeting between Toru and Kumiko. Toru declares that he will get Kumiko back on his own, and that Noboru has no business interfering with Toru’s home. Ushikawa accepts his response but assures Toru that this will not be their last meeting.
Nutmeg tells Toru that Cinnamon stopped talking just before he turned six years old. She brought him to several specialists, and none could diagnose a physical or emotional issue with Cinnamon. Cinnamon delivers groceries and clean clothes to Toru. Although they don’t talk to one another, Cinnamon’s presence is friendly. They sit and drink coffee together, keeping one another company through the silence.
Nutmeg educated Cinnamon herself. Although he didn’t speak, he learned many languages and was an excellent student. When Cinnamon was 12 years old, his grandmother died and he took over care of the house.
Nutmeg suspects the reason Cinnamon lost his speech was because he was too invested in her story about the zoo massacre. She believes that “[h]is words were lost in the labyrinth swallowed up by the world of the stories. Something that came out of those stories snatched his tongue away” (444). Nutmeg posits that the same thing killed her husband.
After his regular morning coffee with Cinnamon, Toru reenters the well.
May writes a third letter to Toru. She is excelling in her work at the wig factory and is popular with the other girls there, even though she feels so different from them. She wonders if she will stay a virgin forever and tells Toru that she has no goals, but she also doesn’t think she’s in a transitional period. From May’s point of view, her job at the wig factory could be the end of the line. Even though she writes that she is happy, she also writes that she sometimes wakes up in terror.
Ushikawa calls Toru and asks if he can come over. They meet in Toru’s house. Ushikawa tells Toru he will set up a communication between he and Kumiko. He also tells Toru that he discovered the contract between Toru and the company that bought the property with the well, but he and Noboru are curious about how Toru was able to come up with such an arrangement. Ushikawa assures Toru that Noboru is willing to pay a lot of money to buy Toru out of the property. As he leaves, Ushikawa promises Toru that he will be in touch soon with a way to communicate with Kumiko.
Nutmeg had a peculiar job. She would welcome in wealthy women in need of something. She gave them treatments but could never cure them. The women were recommended to her by a friend whose husband owned a luxurious department store. Nutmeg made her offices look like a fashion studio to avoid suspicion. When he was old enough, Cinnamon started to work for her, and the women found his presence very comforting. But after a few years, Nutmeg began to tire of her job. She knew she had found her successor when she saw the man with the mark on his face sitting on a city bench.
May writes a fourth letter to Toru. She tells him how she always felt out of place in her dull and unimaginative family. May’s parents see the world in logical order, but May knows that world is random and chaotic. She doesn’t like the mark on Toru’s face because it makes it seem like he’s giving up something of himself in exchange for something. She can’t articulate these “somethings” but still warns Toru not to give all of himself away to others.
Ushikawa calls Toru to tell him that Kumiko is willing to talk to him, but not face to face. Instead, Ushikawa suggests that Toru use the computer in the new house—which Toru refers to as the Residence—to bridge communication with Kumiko. Toru worries that he can’t be certain the person he’s talking to on the computer is Kumiko. Ushikawa suggests that Toru start by asking Kumiko a question that only she would know the answer to. Ushikawa asks for the password to the computer, but Toru has never used the computer in the Residence.
The computer in the Residence is Cinnamon’s domain. Toru successfully guesses that the password is “Zoo” and logs in. Toru follows Ushikawa’s instructions to initiate Chat Mode.
Nutmeg and her mother escaped from Manchuria to Japan at the end of World War II. They took refuge with family members, but Nutmeg always felt like her mother’s family wasn’t where she belonged. As Nutmeg grew up, she cared less for school and more for fashion. Nutmeg put herself through design school by taking on part-time work as a seamstress. Nutmeg was talented, and her bosses promoted her to head of her own section of fashion design. Her fashion career took off, and she did not care about men or marriage.
When Nutmeg was 27 years old, she met her husband, another fashion designer. They married in 1963 and had a child shortly after that. She moved her mother in with her to help care for the baby while Nutmeg continued to work. Though she wasn’t ever sure if she truly loved her husband, they had an inspiring professional friendship. She and her husband amassed a great following and hired a business manager. Her husband, thoughawkward, became a cultural icon known for his artsy charm, but Nutmeg did most of the designing. As their company grew, Nutmeg and her husband grew further apart.
In 1975, Nutmeg’s husband was murdered in a hotel room. Someone killed him and cut out his organs, which were never found. There were too many fingerprints in the room to be of any use in a trial, and the murderer was never caught. After her husband’s gruesome murder, Nutmeg sold their company and lived off the money from the sale and stock investments. Nutmeg discovered a strange power while she was mourning the loss of her mother, who died of heart disease shortly after her husband’s murder.
Nutmeg’s power revealed itself when she was chatting with the wife of a department store owner. The wife had knelt to the ground, holding her head in pain. Nutmeg massaged her right temple and saw visions of the zoo massacre. The massage cured the wife’s head pains. A month later, the wife called Nutmeg to invite her to lunch. The woman asked Nutmeg to massage her temple again. Nutmeg focused on her memories of the zoo massacre while massaging the woman and the wife was again cured of her pains. Soon, the wife was bringing her friends to pay Nutmeg for massages.
A news report details new information about the “hanging house.” The company that bought the property is legitimate, but the reporter suspects political ties. A black Mercedes is the only vehicle that enters and exits the property, usually in the afternoons. There doesn’t seem to be anyone living in the house, as though it’s some sort of commuter location.
At the agreed-upon time, Toru logs into Cinnamon’s computer and inputs the numbers Ushikawa gave him. The chat with Kumiko begins. Toru starts by asking Kumiko to verify her identity by answering a question. He asks her what had most fascinated her at the aquarium. Kumiko replies with the correct answer: jellyfish from all around the world. He tells her the cat returned safely. He asks her where she has been and why she won’t meet with him face-to-face. Kumiko tells him that she’s been through a transformation that may be bad; she is no longer the Kumiko he once knew. She tells him that she and Toru have been separated into two different worlds, and that as painful as this may be, they need to finalize the divorce and Toru needs to forget about her.
Toru insists on knowing what she means by “going bad.” Kumiko types that there are a lot of ways to go bad, and that for her it happened over a long period of time. Toru asks her why she sought help from Noboru of all people. Kumiko tells him that she is where she is meant to be, even if it isn’t of her choosing. Toru writes that, though Kumiko tells him to forget about her, he can sense her voice calling out for his help. He writes that he is getting closer to her and won’t give up searching for her. Abruptly, Kumiko says goodbye and leaves the chat.
Book 3 begins with a markedly different tone and style than Parts 1 and 2. Whereas Book 1 and 2 included long chapters of meandering narrative, Book 3 is comprised of mostly short chapters conveying a tightened narrative. Book 3 also includes an increased amount of marginal stories that connect to Toru’s main narrative but seem random in the scheme of the narrative structure. Most of these stories serve the purpose of playing with reality. Furthermore, all these stories share a parallel symbol: the wind-up bird. It is likely that these marginal stories are the “chronicles” Cinnamon writes on his computer. They are not directly linked to Toru, but they are of the same world as Toru, brought together through the “chronicle.”
The story of the little boy who witnesses the burying of the heart, for example, never quite connects directly to Toru’s adventure. But the boy hears the wind-up bird, thereby including him in the cast of characters whose lives are made sadder by that rare phenomenon. For the little boy, the wind-up bird heralds the implied loss of his mother. The other marginal story is that of Nutmeg’s father, the veterinarian whose zoo is decimated by World War II. The vet also hears the wind-up bird, and his fate is tied to the death of his beloved animals and his own death. He also bears witness to a horrific execution at the hands of his fellow Japanese, thus paralleling the little boy’s story: People who hear the wind-up bird end up witnessing or experiencing death. Similarly, the story of the vet and the massacre at the zoo has little direct impact on Toru’s bildungsroman, but these marginal stories still develop the symbolism of the wind-up bird. What’s more, Murakami doesn’t necessarily use these marginal stories to symbolize the wind-up bird as doom. Rather, he encourages his reader to look at the myriad forms of death and suffering in his novel as one part of the enormous human experience.
Another animal symbol is introduced in the beginning of Book 3. The return of Toru’s missing cat signals a shift in the plot. The missing cat had been, for many chapters, a red herring for the larger issues facing Kumiko and Toru. Now that the cat has returned, Toru can step away from the distraction of that mystery and move on to the truly important task at hand: finding his missing wife. He renames the cat Mackerel, in a deceptively important moment. Curiously, Toru and Kumiko never properly named the cat, nicknaming him Noboru for looking like Kumiko’s brother. Toru renames—or, names for the first time—the cat Mackerel, an homage to the food he likes the most. Now that the cat has a normal, uncontroversial name with little associations attached, the cat can be a cat and not a symbol of some larger mystery.
A baffling twist in the novel is that Malta and Creta Kano effectively disappear at the end of Book 2. Though they will eventually resurface in dreams, they cease their function as important secondary characters. This is a mystery because both women were so crucial to Toru’s character development. Given that Creta told Toru that Malta wants Noboru to be defeated, it is even more curious that the two women do not factor into the rest of the story. As though they have accomplished the limits of their function as characters, Murakami turns them into a memory. Plot-wise, their disappearance does spur Toru to more action. Without Malta and Creta to give him clues, Toru must deal with his isolation and loss of self with only the memories of their advice.
But Toru cannot go on his journey alone. Malta and Creta are replaced by Nutmeg and Cinnamon Akasaka. Like Malta and Creta, Nutmeg and Cinnamon are related by blood, interested in aesthetics, possess otherworldly gifts, have strangely poetic names, and fall into Toru’s life to help him in his character development. Nutmeg and Cinnamon are facilitators of Toru’s well; they buy the Miyawaki house and reopen the well so Toru can confront his psyche. They also save his life from the well at the end of the novel, solidifying their importance as secondary characters who ensure that Toru accomplishes his mission. However, it is notable that despite their combined powers, Malta, Creta, Nutmeg, and Cinnamon cannot directly help Toru. Rather, they create a context in which Toru can extrapolate advice and motivation.
May Kasahara has also fallen into the background of the story. Her letters at first imply that she is in some sort of psychiatric institution, but she reveals in her second letter that she took a job in a wig factory. For May, whose nihilism and past traumas have aged her, the wig factory may feel like a psychiatric institution. It provides her structure, a quiet purpose, and the choice between solitude and company depending on her mood. In Toru, May sees a warning of what adult life could be. But she also respects and likes Toru. She is a keeper of his wellbeing who wants nothing in return. Other secondary characters need something from Toru, but May simply wants him to be safe and happy. Oddly, this maternal instinct in May starkly contradicts their age gap. As a lonely and lost teenager, May is the one who arguably needs mothering. But it is Toru, wholly alone and lost within himself, who needs the influence of youth to remind him to take care of himself.
Another character who is unaccounted for in the first chapters of Book 3 is Kumiko. Toru is constantly thinking about her, but there is no sign of her. The mystery of Kumiko persists, nagging at Toru and the reader. Even though this novel is a bildungsroman that features Toru as the central character, Toru cannot develop without Kumiko, positioning her as an important motivating character despite their shared intimate knowledge that neither truly knows the other. Thus, Murakami suggests that love is not necessarily about divulging and knowing everything about another person. Rather, love is about forming a different life together in which both people can be fulfilled.
For the most part, female secondary characters in this novel serve as guides—spiritual, physical, and emotional. There are also male characters who also serve this purpose: Mr. Honda, Lieutenant Mamiya, and Cinnamon are all men who play important roles in Toru’s journey. But the only antagonists in this novel are men. Noboru and Ushikawa represent stock evil characters in the first part of Book 3. Physically and emotionally revolting, both men have eerie presences that imply danger. Although The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle is not about the gendered identities and roles of men versus women, it is still notable that men are the exclusive antagonists.
Book 3 also develops new styles and structures that differentiate these chapters from those in Books 1 and 2. In Chapter 8 of Book 3, Toru’s narration transitions from direct and basic to flowery and descriptive. This parallels his development into a character who notices more nuance in the world around him. The novel is written in first-person point of view, so Toru’s interpretations of the odd events that interrupt his normal life are the reader’s point of access to the themes Murakami develops. The more Toru can articulate his new world understanding, the more Murakami reveals the constructs of his novel to his reader.
Book 3 introduces more juxtapositions that encourage the reader to think of paradoxes as intertwined. The dichotomy of light versus dark is extremely important in Book 3. Toru understands that what the well gives him is the darkness necessary to enter his subconscious, whereas light is presented as an unproductive escape from reality. This dichotomy is connected to the story of The Magic Flute, an allusion Nutmeg makes. The opera tells the story of a princess who needs to be saved from a curse that keeps her trapped, just as Kumiko is possibly imprisoned somewhere, either by Noboru or by her own psyche. This opera plays with the themes of light and dark, and illumination and secrecy. To understand his own predicament, Toru can turn to The Magic Flute as an allegory for the depths of darkness to which he must commit to reconnect with Kumiko.
Book 3 also establishes the issue of free will. Stories like the ones Mamiya and Nutmeg tell suggest that free will doesn’t matter. But Murakami doesn’t quite commit to that stance. It is true that Nutmeg’s father feels that there is no such thing as free will, thereby allowing him to live in peace even among the most dangerous circumstances. Similarly, Mamiya survives the horrors of World War II because he believes himself to be cursed to live forever. In a way, acknowledging that there is no free will frees Mamiya and Nutmeg’s father to deal solely with their present. But they do not live happy or fulfilling lives. Perhaps this signifies that Murakami doesn’t want his reader to think that life is all about the pursuit of happiness. Still, all of this is challenged further by Toru’s journey. Toru’s meditations at the bottom of the well are a practice of free will. He takes control of his psyche and forces himself into the alternate reality that exists in his mind. So if free will allows Toru to enter into transient spaces of growth and discovery, free will may be both possible and necessary. On the other hand, Toru may be destined to be an alternate-world explorer, as Nutmeg suspects when she first meets him in the streets of Tokyo.
Book 3 will encompass the rest of this 600-page novel, and the transition into this section requires a departure from the routines of Toru’s domestic life. There is no longer anything in that lifestyle that can propel plot and character development. Instead, a radical new life is the only way Toru can find his wife. He explores his city, finds a sense of purpose in his isolation, and resolves to figure out a way to change his life. Here, Murakami suggests that true growth cannot happen immediately. Instead, Toru—and, all people—must endure many trials and tribulations before they discover grace. Even with traumas and adventures, people still may not find this grace, as evidenced by Lieutenant Mamiya’s sad story. Murakami emphasizes that the pursuit of happiness can be a fool’s errand.
Another major revelation involves Kumiko’s declaration that “going bad” is something that happens over a longer period. Just as a person cannot find happiness and denouement quickly, pain and evil also cannot be uncovered overnight. The scary part of this, Murakami suggests through the character of Kumiko, is that people you think you know can end up being horribly bad or angelically good. One cannot know, everyone develops and changes over time. But Kumiko believes that this natural and inevitable change in her persona would scare Toru away or put him in danger. What Kumiko doesn’t understand is how much Toru needs and wants her in his life, unconditionally. Kumiko’s reflection of developing into something bad over time also connects to the issue of free will. It is not necessarily inevitable that Kumiko would become bad. Perhaps this was always part of her destiny, but it is also possible that she chose to embrace the bad side of her. It raises the question of how much responsibility Kumiko has over her character.
By these authors