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William ShakespeareA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Outside of the city limits, a group of outlaws captures Valentine and Speed. Speed is distressed, but Valentine greets the group confidently as friends. After briefly threatening to kill him, the outlaws decide that Valentine looks rich, and agree to let him speak. Valentine explains that he used to be a gentleman, but now has nothing for them to steal except his clothes, which are his only possessions. He tells the outlaws that he was banished from Milan for killing a man in a fight. When the outlaws learn that he speaks many languages, they decide to elect him as their King. The outlaws explain that many of them are former gentlemen who were exiled from society because of their crimes, including trying to steal a Duke’s female relative. The outlaws ask Valentine to agree to be their King, warning that they will kill him if he says no. Valentine agrees with the promise that the outlaws will never attack women or poor travelers. The outlaws agree, and take Valentine to their store of treasure.
Proteus acknowledges his continued betrayal: In addition to Valentine, he’s also betraying Thurio by attempting to seduce Silvia when he’s supposed to be encouraging her to accept Thurio’s suit. Silvia, however, doesn’t give into Proteus’s advances: Every time he professes his love, she reminds him of his betrothal to Julia and his friendship with Valentine. Despite her disgust with him, Proteus is more in love with Silvia than ever. For his part, Thurio seems to be aware of Proteus’s true feelings.
The man hosting Proteus in Milan enters, leading Julia disguised as a pageboy. The Host identifies Proteus as the man Julia was asking for. As musicians play, Proteus sings a song celebrating Silvia’s kindness, beauty, and virtue. Julia is visibly upset by Proteus’s display of affection, confusing the Host, who thinks that she doesn’t like the music. The Host confirms that Proteus often visits Silvia, and that he is rumored to be deeply in love with her. As the musicians leave, the Host and Julia move out of sight.
Thinking they are alone, Proteus calls out to Silvia, who is annoyed at his presence. When Proteus says he’ll do anything Silvia asks, she insults his character and tells him to leave and never return. When Silvia accuses him of being disloyal, Proteus admits that he was betrothed, but claims that the lady is dead. Julia, listening in the shadows, is hurt by this callous comment. Silvia reminds Proteus that she is betrothed to Valentine, and that he is also betraying his friend. Proteus claims that Valentine is also dead, and Silvia says that if that is the case then she also wants to die. Proteus asks for a painting of Silvia, since she won’t agree to be his love, and she reluctantly agrees. Julia is devastated by the conversation, and follows the Host back to his home.
An old, widowed knight named Sir Eglamour visits Silvia’s tower in the early morning at her request. Silvia tells Eglamour that she still loves Valentine, and that her heart will not allow her to accept Thurio as a husband. She appeals to Eglamour because she knows he is a romantic: He often says that his greatest heartbreak was his wife’s death, and vowed never to be with another women again. Silvia asks Eglamour to help her travel safely to Mantua, where she has heard Valentine is hiding. She urges Eglamour not to think of her father’s anger, but to focus on her grief, and the injustice of forcing a lady into a marriage which she considers unholy. Sir Eglamour agrees to help, and the pair arranges to meet that night when Silvia goes to her evening confession.
Lance returns from a disastrous errand: Proteus had sent him to give his dog, Crab, as a gift to Silvia. Lance, who raised Crab from a puppy and loves him dearly, had been heartbroken by the order. He tells the audience how, on arrival in Silvia’s chamber, Crab immediately crawled under a table and urinated. To save Crab’s reputation, Lance claimed responsibility for the accident, and both were thrown out. Lance explains that this is not the first time he’s taken the blame for Crab’s bad behavior.
Proteus enters with Julia, who is still disguised as a pageboy and going by the name Sebastian. He is dismayed to hear that Silvia rejected the gift, and asks where his dog is. It is revealed that Lance lost Proteus’s dog (the intended gift) in the marketplace, and brought Crab to Silvia as a replacement. Proteus orders Lance to find his dog. As Lance leaves, Proteus explains to Julia that he needs a reliable and discreet servant to help conduct his business, and that Julia’s face seems trustworthy. He asks Julia to bring another gift to Silvia: The ring that Julia had given him before he left Verona. Julia expresses pity for the woman who gave him the ring, but Proteus dismisses her concerns. He gives her a letter for Silvia and reminds her to get the painting Silvia promised.
Alone, Julia pities Proteus for his foolishness in giving her the letter, then chastises herself for pitying a man who doesn’t care about her. She admits that her love for him overpowers her feelings of hurt, and decides to do as he has asked. Silvia enters with the painting, but rejects both the letter and the ring, which she knows came from Julia. Julia (still in disguise as Sebastian) thanks her, and tells Silvia that Julia still loves Proteus. Silvia asks what Julia looks like, and Julia replies that she was roughly the same height as herself. Silvia gives Julia a purse of money for her loyalty to the lady, then leaves. Alone, Julia studies the picture and wonders why Proteus prefers Silvia. She admits that she would have scratched Silvia’s eyes out if she hadn’t been so kind.
The outlaws Valentine encounters claim to be gentleman who have been banished from their homes for crimes committed in “the fury of ungoverned youth” (4.1.42). The fact that the outlaws immediately elect Valentine (who they believe to be a multilingual murderer) as their King suggests that banishment “from the company of lawful men” (4.1.43) has not inspired them to reform their ways. Shakespeare’s inclusion of the outlaws suggests that banishment from society does not reform unchivalrous men, but rather gives them opportunity to organize their “lawless lives” (4.1.51). However, the outlaws accept Valentine’s request that they not prey on women or poor travelers, calling such attacks on the vulnerable “vile, base practices” (4.1.70). Their recognition of Valentine’s high birth and acceptance of his rules may suggest that nobles maintain their nobility even after being outlawed.
Proteus’s attempts to win Silvia’s affections in Act IV reflect the play’s interest in the Restrictions of Courtly Love for Women. The expectations of courtly love required women to be polite but standoffish with their lovers in public in order to test their devotion. Proteus’s consistent pursual of Silvia even after she claims to despise him “for thy wrongful suit” (4.2.93) suggests that he believes she is operating under these rules, hiding her love and planning to give in eventually. Under the expectations of courtly love, lovers were expected to offer continuous devotion to their beloved even as she refused his advances, thus Proteus believes his continued devotion to Silvia even as she insults him gives testament to the strength of his love. In fact, Proteus is encouraged by Silvia’s rejection, saying that “the more she spurns my love, the more it grows, and fawneth on her still” (4.2.14-15).
These social mores of courtship create a challenging (and potentially dangerous) situation for women if the boundaries laid down by their refusals are both expected and encouraged to be crossed. Silvia seems genuinely to dislike Proteus, calling him a “subtle, perjured, false, disloyal man” (4.2.86). Nevertheless, the expectations of courtly love mean that she must receive him and his messengers every time he approaches. She is only able to reject the gift of the ring because Proteus previously told her that it had come from Julia. Despite Proteus’s rejection of The Importance of Loyalty Between Men, Silvia holds fast to her loyalty to other women. She feels pity for Julia, declaring: “though his false finger have profaned the ring, mine shall not do his Julia so much wrong” (4.4.122-123). Ironically, Silvia’s pity—an attribute required of women in courtly romances—allows her to momentarily break from the expectation that she receive her suitors’ gifts. Equally ironic is the fact that the virtues Proteus loves best in Silvia—her loyalty and beauty—are exactly what motivates her to reject him, professing her faith to Valentine and Julia’s equal beauty.
This play is the earliest instance of Shakespeare disguising a female character as a boy, a trope that appears many times in his work. As in plays such as Twelfth Night and As You Like It, Julia disguises herself as a boy both to travel safely and get closer to her lover. In her conversation with Silvia, Julia (disguised as Sebastian) makes up an instance in which Sebastian played the tragic heroine Ariadne while wearing Julia’s clothes. For 16th century audiences, this lie draws attention to the fact that the actor playing Julia is himself a man portraying a woman—a double disguise that highlights the absurdity of the situation and adds levity to the scene.
By William Shakespeare
British Literature
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Class
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Class
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Comedies & Satirical Plays
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Coming-of-Age Journeys
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Friendship
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Laugh-out-Loud Books
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Loyalty & Betrayal
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Romance
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Valentine's Day Reads: The Theme of Love
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