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84 pages 2 hours read

Ken Follett

World Without End

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2007

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Part 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3, Chapter 14 Summary

It is the second half of 1337 in the aftermath of the bridge collapse. Caris continues to work in the hospital until Cecilia forces her to rest. Caris takes Gwenda home with her, where Gwenda and Godwyn grieve the death of Anthony (their brother, it turns out). Gwenda and Caris return to the priory, where Mattie Wise is helping at the hospital. They learn from her that, based on her experience with midwifery, it is impossible that Merthin, who had sex with Griselda a mere two weeks ago, could be responsible for her being several months pregnant. Caris shares the news about Griselda with Merthin, who had intended to marry Griselda. He has been occupied with building a ferry to help pick up some of the slack left by the collapsed bridge. Edmund goes to the priory to talk with Brothers Carlus and Simeon, caretakers until a new prior is selected, to demand that they fund a new bridge. They refuse him by claiming that God will look out for them.

Part 3, Chapter 15 Summary

Godwyn schemes to secure the position of prior. His rivals are Brother Carlus and Thomas. Philemon tells him about a charter from Queen Isabella that bought Thomas’s way into Kingsbridge. Godwyn doesn’t know exactly what the secret is behind the document, but he does know there is enough secrecy around it that he might be able to pressure Thomas by using it. He initially approaches Thomas by asking that Thomas appoint him as subprior if Thomas becomes the prior. He uses the Wooler family to reach Bishop Richard. Richard is to let it be known that he will only support a prior who is in favor of the new bridge.

Part 3, Chapter 16 Summary

Merthin finally confronts Griselda. Elfric discharges him on the spot, leaving him six months short of finishing his apprenticeship and without the expensive tools customarily given to those who finish their apprenticeships. No carpenter, especially those in the guild or who have young women in their household, will hire him. Caris advises him to buy used tools. With her help, Merthin convinces Joffroi, the priest at the poor church of St. Mark, to allow him to repair the church’s roof. No one else wants the job, so Joffroi agrees to the terms. Caris says Merthin can eat at her house and board with his parents. All of his problems appear to be solved. Gwenda heads back to Wigleigh with Wulfric, hoping to administer the love potion to him so she can seduce him.

Part 3, Chapter 17 Summary

Gwenda cannot seduce Wulfric. He makes a casual goodbye to her when they arrive home. Gwenda goes home and tells her mother what she suffered at the hands of Joby and the outlaws. Her mother is not sympathetic and tells her Joby has done the best he can. Joby later comes up with another scam: he will sell his daughter at every fair, then she can run away so they can do it again. His willingness to treat her as a commodity gives her the resolve to leave her family for good.

Part 3, Chapter 18 Summary

With Roland of Shiring on death’s door, there is no lord in Wigleigh. Nate Reeve, the corrupt bailiff of Wigleigh, is in charge. He tries to convince the village government—a jury of 12—to disinherit Wulfric because Wulfric is only 16 and unlikely to pay the estate tax or get the harvest in. His land, 90 acres, was to be farmed by three men, not just him. Gwenda shrewdly tells the townspeople that allowing the bailiff to take the land will undercut their own sons’ inheritance the next time one of them dies. She advises Wulfric to ask to wait for the new lord to decide his fate and to be allowed to get the harvest in for the time being. He makes and wins this argument, but he also rejects Gwenda’s offer to work for him because he is aware that she has feelings for him. She moves in with the Widow Hubert.

Part 3, Chapter 19 Summary

Gwenda starts splitting her work between Wulfric’s field and that of others, causing talk in the village and anger from both Annet and Wulfric. Wulfric is forced to accept her help after his horse, an expensive beast needed to plow his land, is stolen. Gwenda helps and moves into his cowshed because she can’t pay rent now. Joby tries to sell her again and brings a buyer one night while Wulfric is having dinner at Annet’s house. Gwenda defends herself, but Wulfric rescues her in the end. She finally gets a chance to dose Wulfric with the love potion, but he refuses to have sex with her despite his lust. She gives up her quest to be with him.

Part 3, Chapter 20 Summary

Godwyn continues to maneuver to become prior. He gets Mother Cecilia to be neutral, and during the birthday mass for St. Adolphus, the saint whose bones the cathedral houses, he engineers an accident that causes Brother Carlus to fall and drop the bones. Godwyn manages the service after, adding luster to his reputation. He is disappointed that most monks express sympathy instead of contempt for Carlus. Carlus takes the accident as a bad portent and withdraws his candidacy to be prior. Godwyn’s plans fall apart when Roland of Shiring recovers and demands that Saul Whitehead become the prior. Roland also tells Godwyn he expects Margery’s wedding to be held in three weeks at the church.

Part 3, Chapter 21 Summary

Merthin successfully completes the repairs to St. Mark. His work and innovative building techniques gains him goodwill from the town despite Elfric’s efforts to end Merthin’s career. Merthin and Caris celebrate and make out later, but they get into an argument when Merthin assumes they should marry now that he has a way to make a living. Caris explains that she likes the ways things are now and that his income is unstable. Meanwhile, Godwyn and Petronilla scheme to undercut Saul by getting Murdo, a corrupt Benedictine friar, to stand for prior. He is such a bad choice that if Godwyn dissuades Saul from running, no one will choose Murdo.

Part 3, Chapter 22 Summary

Godwyn convinces Roland of Shiring that Murdo will do Roland’s bidding, even if it will diminish the power of the church (a plus in Roland’s mind and a negative for the monks). Godwyn gets Saul to refuse the leadership of the priory by reminding him that he will be forced to bend to earl’s will. That leaves Thomas and Murdo as the only apparent choices for prior. Philemon then has Murdo leak Thomas’s charter from Isabella; Philemon gives the charter to Murdo, who insinuates in a full meeting of the monks that there is some unsavory secret about Thomas based on the terms of the charter. Thomas refuses to stand for prior, reasoning that people will always pry and assume the worst about him because of the charter. This will damage the priory. Godwyn intuits that there is something so damaging about this secret that Thomas is deeply frightened of having the secret exposed. He makes a mental note of this moment. Godwyn wins the race for prior by acclaim. 

Part 3, Chapter 23 Summary

Roland refuses at first to accept that Godwyn is the next prior. Godwyn threatens Bishop Richard that he will tell Roland or even Earl Monmouth’s son (Margery’s fiancé) about her affair. Richard is too scared to oppose his father. Godwyn threatens Roland by insisting that there will be no marriage in the church if Roland doesn’t accept Godwyn as prior. Phillipa tries to maneuver by offering subprior to Godwyn, who will step aside for another candidate. Godwyn refuses. He uses his most effective leverage—threatening to tell Monmouth that the marriage cannot go ahead because Margery is no virgin, a blow to Roland since the marriage will shore up his power. Roland accepts what Godwyn says, then strikes Richard.

Godwyn is almost undone when Brother Simeon discovers a ruby missing from a jeweled cross used at the St. Adolphus birthday celebration where Carlus fell. Philemon stole it, but Godwyn helps him plant it so Simeon can find it. Everyone knows that Philemon is Godwyn’s minion; the discovery of the theft would have discredited Godwyn.

Part 3, Chapter 24 Summary

Caris watches Margery and her new husband, unhappy newlyweds, come out of the ceremony. She is a little miserable as she watches Merthin flirt with Bessie Bell, a taverner’s daughter. She greets him warmly, so they make up. They overhear Thomas and Loreen, a woman Caris and Merthin presume to be Thomas’s wife, discuss Thomas’s abandonment of the family. Thomas left in part to be spared death but also because he is more interested in relationships with men than his wife. He felt trapped in his marriage. After, Merthin and Caris argue over what they saw. Caris feels like Loreen is trapped like all women because women have few options beyond marriage. The women she does know with any power—the queen and Petranilla—all exercise it through men.

Mother Cecilia shows up to recruit Caris to become a nun, but the thought of obedience repels Caris to the point that she blasphemes. Cecilia tells her that that mystic Marguerite Porete led the Beguines, an order of nuns who refused the authority of the church to intercede between worshippers and God. Marguerite was burned at the stake. Caris, warns Cecilia, would be wise to take this as a cautionary tale. Back home, Caris broods about her future as an ambitious woman but then saddens when she imagines Merthin flirting with the taverner’s daughter. Merthin shows up. They make love, and as she orgasms, Caris realizes that the joy she feels explains why women surrender to men.

Part 3, Chapter 25 Summary

There is a debate over who will build the bridge. Godwyn wants Elfric, but Edmund wants Merthin, whose modern design is more cost effective. Edmund manages to force the decision into the hands of the parish guild, where Merthin’s design wins. Godwyn, short of money, is forced to concede the priory’s future tolls from the bridge to pay for the new bridge. He agrees to a perpetual lease on Leper Island (a nearly defunct hospital) and land at both ends of the bridge after Caris suggests it. After making love with Merthin later, Caris suggests that Merthin ask for this land to build a shipping operation, a deal she can work out with Edmund. Merthin is impressed. She tells Merthin she is getting her family out of wool because the king’s taxes are driving the Woolers’s customers away.

Part 3, Chapter 26 Summary

Ralph decides to curry favor with Roland of Shiring, eager to build a more modern manor, by suggesting that Roland steal Merthin away from his bridge contract with the town and priory. Getting Merthin will help Roland keep all the trade that formerly went to Kingsbridge and spite Godwyn. Ralph’s plan comes to nothing when Merthin refuses to drop the bridge commission. Doing that will damage him early in his professional career. His parents want him to do it anyway because they always favor Ralph, even though Merthin is now supporting them financially. With Roland’s approval, Ralph uses armed men to stop the transport of stone from the quarry to the bridge site. Roland claims the townspeople must pay tax on the stone because they cross his land to move the stone. Ralph kills townsman Ben Turner after Turner kills one of the earl’s men. Ralph enjoys using violence to keep subordinates in their place, especially since there are no repercussions.

Part 3, Chapter 27 Summary

Ralph, still smarting from Wulfric’s fight with him over Annet, is the new lord of Wigleigh. He decides against Wulfric in the matter of the land Wulfric hopes to inherit from his father, who died in the bridge collapse. Annet dumps Wulfric and marries Billy Howard after the decision. Wulfric is devastated. On Annet’s wedding day, he has sex with Gwenda and calls out Annet’s name as he ejaculates.

Part 3, Chapter 28 Summary

Gwenda tries to intervene to get Wulfric’s land back. Ralph agrees to reconsider his decision in exchange for sex. Gwenda feels violated by his brutal way during the sex, but her body’s automatic response to the sexual act causes her to feel self-loathing as well. Ralph’s cruelty and pettiness win the day, however. When Perkin, Annet’s father, offers double the inheritance tax to get the land, Ralph reneges on the deal with Gwenda. Perkin offers to take Gwenda and Wulfric on as day laborers since they are hard workers, but Wulfric refuses.

Part 3, Chapter 29 Summary

Godwyn takes Earl Roland to court over taxing the stone for the bridge, and he wins. Using the help of all the townspeople, Merthin gets the stone to the building site and completes a key building stage, despite the lateness of the season. His technical and engineering skills—intuitive and learned—help him pull it off. Caris and Merthin quarrel. She is pregnant but doesn’t want to be a mother. She and Merthin drift apart, and Caris ends her pregnancy with Mattie’s help. Meanwhile, Wulfric is in a deep depression. He only pulls out of it when Gwenda tells him she is pregnant. Wulfric has no idea the child s Ralph’s. He decides it is time they marry and wonders about the sex of the child. Merthin builds a house and real estate for rent on Leper Island.

Part 3 Analysis

Follet uses the plotlines around Ralph and Godwyn to further develop the theme of the uses of power. The lives of Gwenda and Caris are shaped by these power struggles, but the conflicts they face are deeply rooted in the limited roles available to women during this historical period.

From the start of the novel, Ralph has been intent on vaulting himself from being the son of a downwardly mobile family to leaping up the feudal hierarchy above him. His actions on behalf of Roland of Shiring and later in the Hundred Years’ War gain him the financial and social capital to do that. Still, he lacks the pedigree and social polish to get what he wants. His initial effort to acquire power in Shiring relies upon the lessons he learns from observing those above him.

Roland entrusts him with getting something Roland wants—a manor befitting his rank. Ralph watches and learns when Roland fails to get what he wants based on his position as an earl. Ralph applies violence—leading men to the quarry and instigating violence—to attempt to achieve an end that will please the earl and gain Ralph the goodwill to be knighted. When Ralph runs up against the church hierarchy, however, his plan fails. He learns that might alone is not enough to gain power, but that helping those above him see that their interests align with his makes it more likely that he will gain power.

Ralph gets some of what he wants as a result of learning this lesson: control of Wigleigh. As the lord of Wigleigh, Ralph has legal authority to control the lives of the common people in the town. In this first moment when he has legal power, Ralph uses that power to pursue his vendetta against Wulfric. He further abuses this power in his sexual encounter with Gwenda and later when he takes Wulfric’s land despite his promise to Gwenda. His perspective on power is that it is to be used to service his ego and enrich him. He feels no sense of responsibility to the people over whom he exercises power. The larger society in which he lives gives respect to authority derived from status. Ralph exploits this deference to authority and status to abuse those over whom he has power. His cruel treatment of Gwenda and Wulfric are harbingers of extreme abuses of his power later in the novel.

Godwyn gains and uses power more subtly than Ralph, but both embrace the idea that any means is acceptable when it comes to gaining power. Relying upon skills he learns from his mother, who acquired her ruthlessness in the cutthroat wool trade, Godwyn identifies and exploits several weaknesses in the status-based structure of the church hierarchy. He quickly understands that actual adherence to the moral code the church preaches is no way to gain power. The mere appearance of goodness is enough for people like Bishop Richard, who has sex with a woman already contracted to marry someone else and knuckles under to Godwyn’s demands to save face. Godwyn learns the lesson that powerful people’s desire to appear good even when they don’t abide by their own moral codes gives him power over such people.

People who believe in the church’s moral code and avoid hypocrisy by adhering to that moral code are vulnerable to Godwyn because they are not flexible thinkers. Carlus and Saul take themselves out of the running for prior because they are unwilling to play the political games it will take to use the power in the prior’s position. They are not interested in the practical exercise of power. Prior Anthony’s consistent faith in God as provider leads to a less rosy future for the town and priory because he is passive; he doesn’t understand that flexing his authority will give the church more resources and thus a greater capacity to serve its people.

Godwyn is not a true believer like any of these three people. Nevertheless, his assertion of the church’s power over the matter of the bridge and the stone quarry leads to positive results for his flock because his interests and their interests happen to align. He improves life in Kingsbridge because he is willing to change.

The women—Caris, Gwenda, Mother Cecilia, Lady Phillipa, and Mattie Wise—also engage in struggles for power, but they constantly run into limitations imposed on them because they are women. Lady Phillipa and Caris use soft power (persuasion instead of force or the threat of force) to shape their lives. Lady Phillipa is most present in this case as she negotiates Margery’s marriage to the Earl of Monmouth’s son. Her efforts to shift the conversation gain her nothing, however, because she runs up against the power of the church and Godwyn. Being an earl’s lady is not enough to make things go her way.

Caris relies on power derived from her status as Edmund Wooler’s daughter. She helps shape the town’s progress in economic matters because Edmund clears the way for her voice to be heard in the guild and because her family is prosperous. Her power is not simply derived from that of her father, however. Caris is a valuable contributor to the town and her family’s business because she, like Godwyn, is willing to innovate. She plays the key role in coming up with the funding mechanism for the bridge, for example. She also has good business instincts honed by experience.

Still, Follett shows Caris using her influence most directly in intimate conversations with Merthin. While some of her moves are overt power plays, many of them take place behind doors because that is the realm in which many women are expected to exercise their power. No matter how intelligent, business-minded, or innovative Caris is, she keeps running into the fact that she can have no power in her own right because she is a woman. The futures available to her—wife or nun—are ones that require her to give up her autonomy. Her relationship with Merthin is troubled in this section because she wants to take up space in her own right in the medieval town of Kingsbridge.

Mattie Wise and Gwenda are two women who do attempt to carve out space to exercise autonomy and power. In Mattie’s case, being a wise woman helps her create a role for herself in her community. Her medical knowledge makes her indispensable to the women in the community and to Kingsbridge, for example, in the hospital. In fact, she is one of the few single women in the novel who do not depend on family or church to make a living. There is freedom in that, but later in the novel, her lack of backing makes her vulnerable to coercion and violence.

Gwenda has the least status of all the women in the novel, and her family of origin and husband, Wulfric, impede her as she seeks to gain greater autonomy. When Gwenda does manage to gain some power, it is through sheer grit. She escapes being sexually trafficked by killing the men who seek to abuse her. She uses her persuasive powers and knowledge of how her peers think about land to gain Wulfric some time to save his father’s lands, although the effort is doomed. The sexual encounter with Ralph shows the limits of grit, however. In the face of a powerful man like Ralph, Gwenda finds her efforts to secure her future and that of her family thwarted.

Mother Cecilia is one of the more powerful women in the novel because of her gift for financial management, but how she exercises this power is more apparent in subsequent sections of the novel. She, too, is subject to some of the same limitations because she is a woman, even with the backing of the church. Her incidental role in the election of the prior at Kingsbridge shows that, despite the importance of the nunnery to the finances at Kingsbridge, she still must take a back seat to the likes of Godwyn.

In this third section of the novel, the overall lesson is that being good and being powerful rarely overlap. The men who achieve power do so by exploiting the weakness or gullibility of others. Women rarely achieve power in their own right and have very narrow parameters within which they can exercise that power. Those who do gain power beyond what is usually allotted to them based on status do so because of their talents.

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